{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4405844668","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tdsc.2024.3523561","title":"Blockchain-Enabled Secure Offloading for VEC: A Multi-Agent Reinforcement Learning Approach","display_name":"Blockchain-Enabled Secure Offloading for VEC: A Multi-Agent Reinforcement Learning Approach","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-12-27","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4405844668","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tdsc.2024.3523561"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tdsc.2024.3523561","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tdsc.2024.3523561","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S133795288","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Dependable and Secure Computing","issn_l":"1545-5971","issn":["1545-5971","1941-0018","2160-9209"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320439","host_organization_name":"IEEE Computer Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320439","https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IEEE Computer Society","Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Dependable and Secure Computing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5091024726","display_name":"Xiaozhen Lu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8247-0353"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I9842412","display_name":"Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics","ror":"https://ror.org/01scyh794","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I9842412"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Xiaozhen Lu","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Computer Science and Technology, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Computer Science and Technology, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I9842412"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5068976123","display_name":"Liang Xiao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2402-611X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I191208505","display_name":"Xiamen University","ror":"https://ror.org/00mcjh785","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I191208505"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Liang Xiao","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Information and Communication Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Information and Communication Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I191208505"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102921648","display_name":"Yilin Xiao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0717-7488"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210104064","display_name":"Shenzhen Academy of Robotics","ror":"https://ror.org/01h027j09","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210104064"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yilin Xiao","raw_affiliation_strings":["Shenzhen Institute of Artificial Intelligence and Robotics for Society, Shenzhen, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Shenzhen Institute of Artificial Intelligence and Robotics for Society, Shenzhen, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210104064"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5005327587","display_name":"Zehui Xiong","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4440-941X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I152815399","display_name":"Singapore University of Technology and Design","ror":"https://ror.org/05j6fvn87","country_code":"SG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I152815399"]}],"countries":["SG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zehui Xiong","raw_affiliation_strings":["Pillar of Information Systems Technology and Design, Singapore University of Technology and Design, Singapore"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Pillar of Information Systems Technology and Design, Singapore University of Technology and Design, Singapore","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I152815399"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Zhe Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8578-2635"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210123185","display_name":"Zhejiang Lab","ror":"https://ror.org/02m2h7991","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210123185"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhe Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Zhejiang Lab, Hangzhou, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Zhejiang Lab, Hangzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210123185"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5103041851","display_name":"Yanyong Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9046-798X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I126520041","display_name":"University of Science and Technology of China","ror":"https://ror.org/04c4dkn09","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I126520041","https://openalex.org/I19820366"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yanyong Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science and Technology, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science and Technology, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I126520041"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5061723765","display_name":"Weihua Zhuang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0488-511X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I151746483","display_name":"University of Waterloo","ror":"https://ror.org/01aff2v68","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I151746483"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Weihua Zhuang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada","Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Canada"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I151746483"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I151746483"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":7,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5091024726"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I9842412"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.5309,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":2,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.88467754,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":91,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"22","issue":"3","first_page":"2978","last_page":"2995"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10270","display_name":"Blockchain Technology Applications and Security","score":0.9950000047683716,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10270","display_name":"Blockchain Technology Applications and Security","score":0.9950000047683716,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/blockchain","display_name":"Blockchain","score":0.8764190077781677},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7866711616516113},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reinforcement-learning","display_name":"Reinforcement learning","score":0.7718250155448914},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/distributed-computing","display_name":"Distributed computing","score":0.43395310640335083},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.367086797952652},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.34206610918045044},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.280839741230011}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779687700","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q20514253","display_name":"Blockchain","level":2,"score":0.8764190077781677},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7866711616516113},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97541855","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q830687","display_name":"Reinforcement learning","level":2,"score":0.7718250155448914},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120314980","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180634","display_name":"Distributed computing","level":1,"score":0.43395310640335083},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.367086797952652},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.34206610918045044},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.280839741230011}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tdsc.2024.3523561","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tdsc.2024.3523561","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S133795288","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Dependable and Secure Computing","issn_l":"1545-5971","issn":["1545-5971","1941-0018","2160-9209"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320439","host_organization_name":"IEEE Computer Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320439","https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IEEE Computer Society","Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Dependable and Secure Computing","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G154702244","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"U22B2030","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3210377478","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62132008","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G70360640","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62301335","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7117727092","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"MOE-T2EP20221-0017","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320751","funder_display_name":"Ministry of Education - Singapore"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7203450436","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"U21A20444","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7339890842","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62472218","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8315569708","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62202222","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320709","display_name":"National Research Foundation Singapore","ror":"https://ror.org/03cpyc314"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320751","display_name":"Ministry of Education - Singapore","ror":"https://ror.org/01kcva023"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320325256","display_name":"Info-communications Media Development Authority","ror":null}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":46,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1932847118","https://openalex.org/W1994016836","https://openalex.org/W2063867591","https://openalex.org/W2169976759","https://openalex.org/W2405425485","https://openalex.org/W2548087087","https://openalex.org/W2738889417","https://openalex.org/W2898082692","https://openalex.org/W2901631215","https://openalex.org/W2939467494","https://openalex.org/W2962813278","https://openalex.org/W3002258616","https://openalex.org/W3005620403","https://openalex.org/W3026402304","https://openalex.org/W3035788210","https://openalex.org/W3036617119","https://openalex.org/W3037243147","https://openalex.org/W3040914594","https://openalex.org/W3041497362","https://openalex.org/W3044789047","https://openalex.org/W3045170931","https://openalex.org/W3046031979","https://openalex.org/W3049663264","https://openalex.org/W3082335637","https://openalex.org/W3088881913","https://openalex.org/W3089192431","https://openalex.org/W3089283090","https://openalex.org/W3127329908","https://openalex.org/W3129466642","https://openalex.org/W3163148797","https://openalex.org/W3171468598","https://openalex.org/W3175796458","https://openalex.org/W3204496228","https://openalex.org/W3213203497","https://openalex.org/W3217539601","https://openalex.org/W4206176461","https://openalex.org/W4206817004","https://openalex.org/W4210882709","https://openalex.org/W4285505241","https://openalex.org/W4293192615","https://openalex.org/W4293255345","https://openalex.org/W4319878926","https://openalex.org/W4320005495","https://openalex.org/W4368232611","https://openalex.org/W6752725515","https://openalex.org/W6849660209"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4210406818","https://openalex.org/W4306779889","https://openalex.org/W3048554917","https://openalex.org/W3211706803","https://openalex.org/W4382775358","https://openalex.org/W4246942721","https://openalex.org/W3209862047","https://openalex.org/W4386732777","https://openalex.org/W4304136894","https://openalex.org/W2989851257"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Vehicular":[0],"edge":[1,79],"computing":[2],"(VEC)":[3],"helps":[4],"improve":[5,152],"the":[6,67,71,74,78,91,95,109,142,147,153,162,172,180],"task":[7,92,120],"computational":[8,93],"performance":[9],"of":[10,174],"vehicles":[11,136],"on":[12,108],"roads":[13],"but":[14],"has":[15,57],"difficulty":[16],"in":[17],"defending":[18],"against":[19,49],"eavesdropping":[20,51,100],"and":[21,36,52,65,84,99],"selfish":[22,53],"attacks":[23],"simultaneously.":[24],"In":[25],"this":[26,111],"paper,":[27],"we":[28],"design":[29],"a":[30,38,58,104],"reputation-based":[31],"smart":[32],"contract":[33],"with":[34,137,179],"blockchain":[35,72],"propose":[37],"multi-agent":[39,127],"reinforcement":[40],"learning":[41],"(RL)":[42],"based":[43,107],"secure":[44,130,154],"offloading":[45,82,131,155],"scheme":[46,56,112,132],"for":[47,62,135],"VEC":[48],"both":[50],"attacks.":[54],"This":[55],"three-level":[59],"hierarchical":[60],"structure":[61],"each":[63],"vehicle":[64,96],"uses":[66],"reputations":[68],"obtained":[69],"from":[70],"as":[73,177],"basis":[75],"to":[76,89,150],"optimize":[77],"node":[80],"selection,":[81],"ratio,":[83],"power":[85],"allocation,":[86],"which":[87,140],"aims":[88],"reduce":[90],"latency,":[94],"energy":[97],"consumption":[98],"rate.":[101],"By":[102],"using":[103],"punishment":[105,148],"function":[106,149],"constraints,":[110],"avoids":[113],"exploring":[114],"dangerous":[115],"policies":[116],"that":[117],"can":[118],"cause":[119],"failure":[121],"or":[122],"severe":[123],"data":[124],"leakage.":[125],"A":[126],"deep":[128],"RL-based":[129],"is":[133,160,167],"proposed":[134],"sufficient":[138],"resources,":[139],"evaluates":[141],"long-term":[143],"risk":[144],"rather":[145],"than":[146],"further":[151],"performance.":[156],"The":[157],"regret":[158],"bound":[159,166],"analyzedand":[161],"cumulative":[163],"reward":[164],"upper":[165],"provided.":[168],"Simulation":[169],"results":[170],"verify":[171],"effectiveness":[173],"our":[175],"schemes":[176],"compared":[178],"benchmark.":[181]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-04-09T08:11:56.329763","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
