{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4405906990","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tdsc.2024.3520628","title":"TCMS: A Multi-Sequence Log Parsing Method Based on Token Conversion","display_name":"TCMS: A Multi-Sequence Log Parsing Method Based on Token Conversion","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-12-30","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4405906990","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tdsc.2024.3520628"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tdsc.2024.3520628","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tdsc.2024.3520628","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S133795288","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Dependable and Secure Computing","issn_l":"1545-5971","issn":["1545-5971","1941-0018","2160-9209"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320439","host_organization_name":"IEEE Computer Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320439","https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IEEE Computer Society","Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Dependable and Secure Computing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Mingkuan Wei","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0461-235X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I16609230","display_name":"Hunan University","ror":"https://ror.org/05htk5m33","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I16609230"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210094876","display_name":"Ministry of Education","ror":"https://ror.org/00q919b81","country_code":"SA","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210094876"]}],"countries":["CN","SA"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Mingkuan Wei","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Computer Science and Electronics Engineering, Hunan University, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of &#x201C;Fusion Computing of Supercomputing and Artificial Intelligence&#x201D;, Changsha, China","College of Computer Science and Electronics Engineering, Hunan University, the Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of &#x201C;Fusion Computing of Supercomputing and Artificial Intelligence&#x201D;, Changsha, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Computer Science and Electronics Engineering, Hunan University, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of &#x201C;Fusion Computing of Supercomputing and Artificial Intelligence&#x201D;, Changsha, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210094876"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Computer Science and Electronics Engineering, Hunan University, the Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of &#x201C;Fusion Computing of Supercomputing and Artificial Intelligence&#x201D;, Changsha, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I16609230"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102093481","display_name":"Jigang Wen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7363-881X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I121296143","display_name":"Hunan University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/02m9vrb24","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I121296143"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jigang Wen","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science and Engineering, Hunan University of Science and Technology, Xiangtan, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science and Engineering, Hunan University of Science and Technology, Xiangtan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I121296143"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5015848438","display_name":"Shiming He","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2572-8041"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I56934997","display_name":"Changsha University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/03yph8055","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I56934997"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shiming He","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer and Communication Engineering, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Intelligent Processing of Big Data on Transportation, Changsha University of Science and Technology, Changsha, China","School of Computer and Communication Engineering and the Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Intelligent Processing of Big Data on Transportation, Changsha University of Science and Technology, Changsha, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer and Communication Engineering, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Intelligent Processing of Big Data on Transportation, Changsha University of Science and Technology, Changsha, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I56934997"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer and Communication Engineering and the Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Intelligent Processing of Big Data on Transportation, Changsha University of Science and Technology, Changsha, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I56934997"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5062119492","display_name":"Kun Xie","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2163-2723"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I16609230","display_name":"Hunan University","ror":"https://ror.org/05htk5m33","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I16609230"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210094876","display_name":"Ministry of Education","ror":"https://ror.org/00q919b81","country_code":"SA","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210094876"]}],"countries":["CN","SA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kun Xie","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Computer Science and Electronics Engineering, Hunan University, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of &#x201C;Fusion Computing of Supercomputing and Artificial Intelligence&#x201D;, Changsha, China","College of Computer Science and Electronics Engineering, Hunan University, the Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of &#x201C;Fusion Computing of Supercomputing and Artificial Intelligence&#x201D;, Changsha, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Computer Science and Electronics Engineering, Hunan University, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of &#x201C;Fusion Computing of Supercomputing and Artificial Intelligence&#x201D;, Changsha, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210094876"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Computer Science and Electronics Engineering, Hunan University, the Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of &#x201C;Fusion Computing of Supercomputing and Artificial Intelligence&#x201D;, Changsha, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I16609230"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5078519973","display_name":"Wei Liang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5074-1363"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I121296143","display_name":"Hunan University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/02m9vrb24","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I121296143"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wei Liang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science and Engineering, Hunan University of Science and Technology, Xiangtan, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science and Engineering, Hunan University of Science and Technology, Xiangtan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I121296143"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5030689390","display_name":"Gaogang Xie","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4964-1135"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I19820366","display_name":"Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/034t30j35","country_code":"CN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210108629","display_name":"Computer Network Information Center","ror":"https://ror.org/01s0wyf50","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210108629"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Gaogang Xie","raw_affiliation_strings":["Computer Network Information Center (CNIC), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Computer Network Information Center (CNIC), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210108629","https://openalex.org/I19820366"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5078793726","display_name":"Kenli Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2635-7716"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I16609230","display_name":"Hunan University","ror":"https://ror.org/05htk5m33","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I16609230"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210094876","display_name":"Ministry of Education","ror":"https://ror.org/00q919b81","country_code":"SA","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210094876"]}],"countries":["CN","SA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kenli Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Computer Science and Electronics Engineering, Hunan University, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of &#x201C;Fusion Computing of Supercomputing and Artificial Intelligence&#x201D;, Changsha, China","College of Computer Science and Electronics Engineering, Hunan University, the Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of &#x201C;Fusion Computing of Supercomputing and Artificial Intelligence&#x201D;, Changsha, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Computer Science and Electronics Engineering, Hunan University, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of &#x201C;Fusion Computing of Supercomputing and Artificial Intelligence&#x201D;, Changsha, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210094876"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Computer Science and Electronics Engineering, Hunan University, the Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of &#x201C;Fusion Computing of Supercomputing and Artificial Intelligence&#x201D;, Changsha, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I16609230"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101999331","display_name":"Ziyu Zhu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0003-6180-5881"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I78577930","display_name":"Columbia University","ror":"https://ror.org/00hj8s172","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I78577930"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ziyu Zhu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Electrical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA","Electrical Engineering, Columbia University, Newyork, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Electrical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I78577930"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Electrical Engineering, Columbia University, Newyork, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I78577930"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":8,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I16609230","https://openalex.org/I4210094876"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":3.0617,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":4,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.93316054,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":97,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"22","issue":"3","first_page":"3028","last_page":"3045"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12016","display_name":"Web Data Mining and Analysis","score":0.9641000032424927,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12016","display_name":"Web Data Mining and Analysis","score":0.9641000032424927,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10400","display_name":"Network Security and Intrusion Detection","score":0.9560999870300293,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12326","display_name":"Network Packet Processing and Optimization","score":0.9387999773025513,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1708","display_name":"Hardware and Architecture"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8135650753974915},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/security-token","display_name":"Security token","score":0.7122239470481873},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/parsing","display_name":"Parsing","score":0.7014539241790771},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sequence","display_name":"Sequence (biology)","score":0.5799922347068787},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.3270946145057678},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.24299383163452148}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8135650753974915},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48145219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1335365","display_name":"Security token","level":2,"score":0.7122239470481873},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C186644900","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q194152","display_name":"Parsing","level":2,"score":0.7014539241790771},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778112365","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3511065","display_name":"Sequence (biology)","level":2,"score":0.5799922347068787},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.3270946145057678},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.24299383163452148},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C54355233","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7162","display_name":"Genetics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tdsc.2024.3520628","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tdsc.2024.3520628","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S133795288","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Dependable and Secure Computing","issn_l":"1545-5971","issn":["1545-5971","1941-0018","2160-9209"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320439","host_organization_name":"IEEE Computer Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320439","https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IEEE Computer Society","Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Dependable and Secure Computing","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1279771480","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62472167","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1713809400","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62025201","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3182627053","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2024JJ3014","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322843","funder_display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of\u00a0Hunan Province"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3838833162","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2024JJ5165","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322843","funder_display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of\u00a0Hunan Province"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4184799799","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62272062","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6028967678","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62321166652","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322843","display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of\u00a0Hunan Province","ror":null}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":39,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W108464071","https://openalex.org/W1563576199","https://openalex.org/W1661413208","https://openalex.org/W1979506909","https://openalex.org/W1994625872","https://openalex.org/W2015979301","https://openalex.org/W2039114257","https://openalex.org/W2039157918","https://openalex.org/W2040176884","https://openalex.org/W2076809217","https://openalex.org/W2102632804","https://openalex.org/W2115056012","https://openalex.org/W2144569590","https://openalex.org/W2153470728","https://openalex.org/W2208211896","https://openalex.org/W2293825325","https://openalex.org/W2434013509","https://openalex.org/W2536393303","https://openalex.org/W2560021099","https://openalex.org/W2583874385","https://openalex.org/W2754665629","https://openalex.org/W2762028850","https://openalex.org/W2766702586","https://openalex.org/W2800094109","https://openalex.org/W2899083685","https://openalex.org/W2919324643","https://openalex.org/W2963999143","https://openalex.org/W2973081047","https://openalex.org/W3010535438","https://openalex.org/W3121951581","https://openalex.org/W3211484264","https://openalex.org/W4213251304","https://openalex.org/W4292968359","https://openalex.org/W4311165754","https://openalex.org/W4313045836","https://openalex.org/W4367146761","https://openalex.org/W6627955765","https://openalex.org/W6732386721","https://openalex.org/W6749336956"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4391375266","https://openalex.org/W2899084033","https://openalex.org/W2748952813","https://openalex.org/W4388335561","https://openalex.org/W2970530566","https://openalex.org/W4288261899","https://openalex.org/W4307309205","https://openalex.org/W2967478618","https://openalex.org/W4385009901","https://openalex.org/W4385572700"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Detailed":[0],"system":[1,9,14],"operations":[2],"are":[3,107],"recorded":[4],"in":[5,34,131,218],"logs.":[6],"To":[7],"ensure":[8],"reliability,":[10],"developers":[11],"can":[12],"detect":[13],"anomalies":[15],"through":[16],"log":[17,25,35,49,98,104,174,188,214,222,240],"anomaly":[18,36,215,241],"detection.":[19],"Log":[20],"parsing,":[21],"which":[22,160],"converts":[23,127],"semi-structured":[24],"messages":[26,175],"into":[27,135],"structured":[28,108,132],"data,":[29],"is":[30],"a":[31,82,117,163,213,245],"crucial":[32],"step":[33],"detection":[37,216,230,242],"and":[38,42,59,69,249,262],"advanced":[39],"program":[40],"analysis":[41],"verification.":[43],"Despite":[44],"the":[45,64,70,128,157,167,200,205,235,255],"availability":[46],"of":[47,66,72,89,169,179,251],"various":[48],"parsing":[50,57,123,197,202,223],"tools,":[51],"they":[52],"generally":[53],"suffer":[54],"from":[55,144,172,211],"low":[56],"accuracy":[58,203],"slow":[60],"efficiency":[61],"due":[62],"to":[63,85,121,152,165],"ignorance":[65],"variable":[67,105,109,133],"characteristics":[68],"use":[71],"costly":[73],"pairwise":[74,181],"comparison":[75],"methods.":[76],"In":[77],"this":[78,113],"paper,":[79],"we":[80,100,115,155],"propose":[81,116,156],"TCMS":[83,193,227],"framework":[84],"parse":[86],"logs,":[87],"consisting":[88],"two":[90],"main":[91],"technologies.":[92],"First,":[93],"by":[94,259],"studying":[95],"16":[96,187],"public":[97],"datasets,":[99],"find":[101],"that":[102,191,226],"most":[103],"tokens":[106,134,143],"tokens.":[110,150],"Based":[111],"on":[112,186,234],"discovery,":[114],"token":[118],"conversion":[119],"algorithm":[120,126,217,243],"improve":[122,153],"accuracy.":[124,231],"This":[125],"changed":[129],"parts":[130,171],"wildcards":[136],"(\u2018<inline-formula><tex-math":[137],"notation=\"LaTeX\">$&lt;":[138],"*&gt;":[139],"$</tex-math></inline-formula>\u2019),":[140],"preventing":[141],"these":[142],"being":[145],"directly":[146],"identified":[147],"as":[148],"constant":[149],"Second,":[151],"efficiency,":[154],"LogMLCS":[158],"algorithm,":[159],"intelligently":[161],"constructs":[162],"graph":[164],"facilitate":[166],"extraction":[168],"common":[170],"multiple":[173],"at":[176,204],"once,":[177],"instead":[178],"using":[180],"comparisons.":[182],"Comprehensive":[183],"experiments":[184],"conducted":[185],"datasets":[189],"reveal":[190],"our":[192,238],"outperforms":[194],"seven":[195],"other":[196],"methods,":[198],"achieving":[199],"highest":[201],"fastest":[206],"speed.":[207],"Furthermore,":[208],"experimental":[209],"results":[210],"running":[212],"conjunction":[219],"with":[220],"different":[221],"methods":[224],"demonstrate":[225],"significantly":[228],"boosts":[229],"For":[232],"instance,":[233],"OpenStack":[236],"dataset,":[237],"TCMS-facilitated":[239],"achieves":[244],"perfect":[246],"F1-score,":[247],"precision,":[248],"recall":[250],"100%":[252],"each,":[253],"surpassing":[254],"best":[256],"peer":[257],"method":[258],"32.2,":[260],"0.8,":[261],"19.5":[263],"percentage":[264],"points,":[265],"respectively.":[266]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":4}],"updated_date":"2026-04-09T08:11:56.329763","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}