{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4401942962","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tdsc.2024.3448406","title":"Batch Inference on Deep Convolutional Neural Networks With Fully Homomorphic Encryption Using Channel-By-Channel Convolutions","display_name":"Batch Inference on Deep Convolutional Neural Networks With Fully Homomorphic Encryption Using Channel-By-Channel Convolutions","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-08-28","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4401942962","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tdsc.2024.3448406"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tdsc.2024.3448406","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tdsc.2024.3448406","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S133795288","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Dependable and Secure Computing","issn_l":"1545-5971","issn":["1545-5971","1941-0018","2160-9209"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320439","host_organization_name":"IEEE Computer Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320439","https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IEEE Computer Society","Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Dependable and Secure Computing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5044011121","display_name":"Jung Hee Cheon","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7085-2220"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I139264467","display_name":"Seoul National University","ror":"https://ror.org/04h9pn542","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I139264467"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Jung Hee Cheon","raw_affiliation_strings":["Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea","Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7085-2220","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I139264467"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I139264467"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5067779690","display_name":"Min-Sik Kang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0000-2125-5043"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I139264467","display_name":"Seoul National University","ror":"https://ror.org/04h9pn542","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I139264467"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Minsik Kang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea","Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0000-2125-5043","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I139264467"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I139264467"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5103837302","display_name":"Taeseong Kim","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0007-9947-0377"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I139264467","display_name":"Seoul National University","ror":"https://ror.org/04h9pn542","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I139264467"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Taeseong Kim","raw_affiliation_strings":["Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea","Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0007-9947-0377","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I139264467"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I139264467"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Junyoung Jung","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0007-6118-5933"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I139264467","display_name":"Seoul National University","ror":"https://ror.org/04h9pn542","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I139264467"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Junyoung Jung","raw_affiliation_strings":["Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea","Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0007-6118-5933","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I139264467"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I139264467"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5087753308","display_name":"Yongdong Yeo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0006-3826-4636"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I139264467","display_name":"Seoul National University","ror":"https://ror.org/04h9pn542","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I139264467"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yongdong Yeo","raw_affiliation_strings":["Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea","Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0006-3826-4636","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I139264467"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I139264467"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5044011121"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I139264467"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":3.3114,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":10,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.93088926,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"22","issue":"2","first_page":"1674","last_page":"1685"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11689","display_name":"Adversarial Robustness in Machine Learning","score":0.9965999722480774,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11689","display_name":"Adversarial Robustness in Machine Learning","score":0.9965999722480774,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10502","display_name":"Advanced Memory and Neural Computing","score":0.9768000245094299,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11612","display_name":"Stochastic Gradient Optimization Techniques","score":0.972100019454956,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8270113468170166},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/homomorphic-encryption","display_name":"Homomorphic encryption","score":0.6371981501579285},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/convolutional-neural-network","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","score":0.6329262256622314},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/channel","display_name":"Channel (broadcasting)","score":0.6207648515701294},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/inference","display_name":"Inference","score":0.5843628644943237},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/convolution","display_name":"Convolution (computer science)","score":0.5142883658409119},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/encryption","display_name":"Encryption","score":0.4901357591152191},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/convolutional-code","display_name":"Convolutional code","score":0.47269701957702637},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.38022688031196594},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/theoretical-computer-science","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","score":0.3461207449436188},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.3218587040901184},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.30625706911087036},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/decoding-methods","display_name":"Decoding methods","score":0.2972426116466522},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-neural-network","display_name":"Artificial neural network","score":0.2566816806793213}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8270113468170166},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158338273","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2154943","display_name":"Homomorphic encryption","level":3,"score":0.6371981501579285},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81363708","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17084460","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","level":2,"score":0.6329262256622314},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127162648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16858953","display_name":"Channel (broadcasting)","level":2,"score":0.6207648515701294},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776214188","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q408386","display_name":"Inference","level":2,"score":0.5843628644943237},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C45347329","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5166604","display_name":"Convolution (computer science)","level":3,"score":0.5142883658409119},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C148730421","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141090","display_name":"Encryption","level":2,"score":0.4901357591152191},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C157899210","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1395022","display_name":"Convolutional code","level":3,"score":0.47269701957702637},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.38022688031196594},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C80444323","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2878974","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","level":1,"score":0.3461207449436188},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.3218587040901184},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.30625706911087036},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C57273362","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q576722","display_name":"Decoding methods","level":2,"score":0.2972426116466522},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.2566816806793213}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tdsc.2024.3448406","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tdsc.2024.3448406","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S133795288","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Dependable and Secure Computing","issn_l":"1545-5971","issn":["1545-5971","1941-0018","2160-9209"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320439","host_organization_name":"IEEE Computer Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320439","https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IEEE Computer Society","Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Dependable and Secure Computing","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2559265737","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"IO201209-07883-01","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332195","funder_display_name":"Samsung"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332195","display_name":"Samsung","ror":"https://ror.org/04w3jy968"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335489","display_name":"Institute for Information and Communications Technology Promotion","ror":"https://ror.org/01g0hqq23"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":40,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2031533839","https://openalex.org/W2088492763","https://openalex.org/W2177209050","https://openalex.org/W2401959250","https://openalex.org/W2435473771","https://openalex.org/W2768174108","https://openalex.org/W2794888826","https://openalex.org/W2794974431","https://openalex.org/W2897925395","https://openalex.org/W2899140612","https://openalex.org/W2942255051","https://openalex.org/W2955401130","https://openalex.org/W2957780493","https://openalex.org/W2987932087","https://openalex.org/W2990280959","https://openalex.org/W3003532255","https://openalex.org/W3006531732","https://openalex.org/W3133749795","https://openalex.org/W3164718750","https://openalex.org/W3173128495","https://openalex.org/W4205474236","https://openalex.org/W4226329974","https://openalex.org/W4285208040","https://openalex.org/W4290802460","https://openalex.org/W4308643074","https://openalex.org/W4361986437","https://openalex.org/W4385654563","https://openalex.org/W4385679725","https://openalex.org/W4386214978","https://openalex.org/W4388858642","https://openalex.org/W6748082217","https://openalex.org/W6751853187","https://openalex.org/W6756592279","https://openalex.org/W6757619422","https://openalex.org/W6767709616","https://openalex.org/W6778434676","https://openalex.org/W6785571875","https://openalex.org/W6787972765","https://openalex.org/W6794380750","https://openalex.org/W7067201269"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2539930818","https://openalex.org/W4393118461","https://openalex.org/W4390664647","https://openalex.org/W3012147850","https://openalex.org/W4313300189","https://openalex.org/W2949835517","https://openalex.org/W2601739120","https://openalex.org/W4256358502","https://openalex.org/W4401752887","https://openalex.org/W2964954556"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Secure":[0],"Machine":[1],"Learning":[2],"as":[3],"a":[4,8,55,77,112],"Service":[5],"(MLaaS)":[6],"is":[7],"viable":[9],"solution":[10],"where":[11],"clients":[12],"seek":[13],"secure":[14],"ML":[15],"computation":[16],"delegation":[17],"while":[18],"protecting":[19],"sensitive":[20],"data.":[21],"We":[22,74,128],"propose":[23,76],"an":[24,173],"efficient":[25],"method":[26,57,79,181],"to":[27,124,166],"securely":[28],"evaluate":[29],"deep":[30],"standard":[31],"convolutional":[32],"neural":[33],"networks":[34],"based":[35],"on":[36],"residue":[37],"number":[38],"system":[39],"variant":[40],"of":[41,48,114],"Cheon-Kim-Kim-Song":[42],"(RNS-CKKS)":[43],"scheme":[44],"in":[45,72,106],"the":[46,65,91,125,135,144,152],"manner":[47],"batch":[49,192],"inference.":[50,195],"In":[51],"particular,":[52],"we":[53,149,177],"introduce":[54],"packing":[56],"called":[58,84],"<italic":[59,85],"xmlns:mml=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\"":[60,86],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">Channel-By-Channel":[61,87],"Packing</i>":[62],"that":[63,101,130,151,179],"maximizes":[64],"slot":[66],"compactness":[67],"and":[68,116,120,158],"Single-Instruction-Multiple-Data":[69],"(SIMD)":[70],"capabilities":[71],"ciphertexts.":[73],"also":[75],"new":[78],"for":[80,109,118,169,190,194],"homomorphic":[81],"convolution":[82,96],"evaluation":[83],"Convolution</i>,":[88],"which":[89],"minimizes":[90],"additional":[92],"heavy":[93],"operations":[94],"during":[95,172],"layers.":[97],"Simulation":[98],"results":[99,132],"show":[100,150,178],"our":[102,131,180],"work":[103],"has":[104],"improvements":[105],"amortized":[107],"runtime":[108],"inference,":[110],"with":[111,139,185],"factor":[113],"5.04":[115],"5.20":[117],"ResNet-20":[119],"ResNet-110,":[121],"respectively,":[122],"compared":[123],"previous":[126,186],"results.":[127],"note":[129],"almost":[133],"simulate":[134],"original":[136],"backbone":[137,145],"models,":[138],"classification":[140],"accuracy":[141],"differing":[142],"from":[143,163],"within":[146],"0.02%p.":[147],"Furthermore,":[148],"client's":[153],"rotation":[154],"key":[155],"size":[156],"generated":[157],"transmitted":[159],"can":[160,182],"be":[161,183],"reduced":[162],"105.6":[164],"GB":[165,168],"6.91":[167],"ResNet":[170],"models":[171],"MLaaS":[174],"scenario.":[175],"Finally,":[176],"combined":[184],"methods,":[187],"providing":[188],"flexibility":[189],"selecting":[191],"sizes":[193]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2025-12-21T23:12:01.093139","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}