{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4401747109","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tdsc.2024.3447629","title":"Robust Encrypted Inference in Deep Learning: A Pathway to Secure Misinformation Detection","display_name":"Robust Encrypted Inference in Deep Learning: A Pathway to Secure Misinformation Detection","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-08-22","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4401747109","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tdsc.2024.3447629"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tdsc.2024.3447629","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tdsc.2024.3447629","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S133795288","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Dependable and Secure Computing","issn_l":"1545-5971","issn":["1545-5971","1941-0018","2160-9209"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320439","host_organization_name":"IEEE Computer Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320439","https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IEEE Computer Society","Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Dependable and Secure Computing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100701243","display_name":"Hassan Ali","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1701-0390"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I31746571","display_name":"UNSW Sydney","ror":"https://ror.org/03r8z3t63","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I31746571"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hassan Ali","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia","University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1701-0390","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I31746571"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I31746571"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5021586254","display_name":"Rana Tallal Javed","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7271-4374"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1323252656","display_name":"Information Technology University","ror":"https://ror.org/00ngv8j44","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1323252656"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I172780181","display_name":"University of the Punjab","ror":"https://ror.org/011maz450","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I172780181"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Rana Tallal Javed","raw_affiliation_strings":["Information Technology University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Information Technology University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I172780181","https://openalex.org/I1323252656"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5024012801","display_name":"Adnan Qayyum","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6732-7601"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1323252656","display_name":"Information Technology University","ror":"https://ror.org/00ngv8j44","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1323252656"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I172780181","display_name":"University of the Punjab","ror":"https://ror.org/011maz450","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I172780181"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Adnan Qayyum","raw_affiliation_strings":["Information Technology University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6732-7601","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Information Technology University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I172780181","https://openalex.org/I1323252656"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5012890444","display_name":"Amer AlGhadhban","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4350-2759"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210088963","display_name":"University of Ha'il","ror":"https://ror.org/013w98a82","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210088963"]}],"countries":["SA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Amer AlGhadhban","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Ha&#x2019;il, Hail, Saudi Arabia","Department of Electrical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Ha&#x0027;il, Saudi Arabia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Ha&#x2019;il, Hail, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210088963"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Ha&#x0027;il, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5046631978","display_name":"Meshari Alazmi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9074-1029"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210088963","display_name":"University of Ha'il","ror":"https://ror.org/013w98a82","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210088963"]}],"countries":["SA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Meshari Alazmi","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Computer Science, Engineering, University of Ha&#x2019;il, Hail, Saudi Arabia","College of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Ha&#x0027;il, Saudi Arabia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9074-1029","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Computer Science, Engineering, University of Ha&#x2019;il, Hail, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210088963"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Ha&#x0027;il, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5113985547","display_name":"Ahmad Alzamil","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210088963","display_name":"University of Ha'il","ror":"https://ror.org/013w98a82","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210088963"]}],"countries":["SA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ahmad Alzamil","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Ha&#x2019;il, Hail, Saudi Arabia","Department of Electrical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Ha&#x0027;il, Saudi Arabia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1542-5939","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Ha&#x2019;il, Hail, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210088963"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Ha&#x0027;il, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5067154136","display_name":"Khaled A. Al-Utaibi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3965-5018"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210088963","display_name":"University of Ha'il","ror":"https://ror.org/013w98a82","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210088963"]}],"countries":["SA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Khalid Al-Utaibi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Engineering, College of Computer Science, Engineering, University of Ha&#x2019;il, Hail, Saudi Arabia","Department of Computer Engineering, College of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Ha&#x0027;il, Saudi Arabia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3965-5018","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Engineering, College of Computer Science, Engineering, University of Ha&#x2019;il, Hail, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210088963"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Engineering, College of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Ha&#x0027;il, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5037574053","display_name":"Junaid Qadir","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9466-2475"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I60342839","display_name":"Qatar University","ror":"https://ror.org/00yhnba62","country_code":"QA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I60342839"]}],"countries":["QA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Junaid Qadir","raw_affiliation_strings":["Computer Science, Engineering Department, College of Engineering, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar","Computer Science and Engineering Department, College of Engineering, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9466-2475","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Computer Science, Engineering Department, College of Engineering, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I60342839"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Computer Science and Engineering Department, College of Engineering, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I60342839"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":4,"institutions_distinct_count":8,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.6109,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":2,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.73392432,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":91,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"22","issue":"2","first_page":"1627","last_page":"1639"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11689","display_name":"Adversarial Robustness in Machine Learning","score":0.9812999963760376,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11689","display_name":"Adversarial Robustness in Machine Learning","score":0.9812999963760376,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12131","display_name":"Wireless Signal Modulation Classification","score":0.9203000068664551,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7541954517364502},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/inference","display_name":"Inference","score":0.6073889136314392},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deep-learning","display_name":"Deep learning","score":0.5859524011611938},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.5686230659484863},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/misinformation","display_name":"Misinformation","score":0.538354218006134},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/encryption","display_name":"Encryption","score":0.5126294493675232},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.39147207140922546},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.3844302296638489}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7541954517364502},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776214188","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q408386","display_name":"Inference","level":2,"score":0.6073889136314392},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108583219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep learning","level":2,"score":0.5859524011611938},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5686230659484863},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776990098","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q13579947","display_name":"Misinformation","level":2,"score":0.538354218006134},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C148730421","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141090","display_name":"Encryption","level":2,"score":0.5126294493675232},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.39147207140922546},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.3844302296638489}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tdsc.2024.3447629","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tdsc.2024.3447629","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S133795288","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Dependable and Secure Computing","issn_l":"1545-5971","issn":["1545-5971","1941-0018","2160-9209"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320439","host_organization_name":"IEEE Computer Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320439","https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IEEE Computer Society","Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Dependable and Secure Computing","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:qspace.qu.edu.qa:10576/66065","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/10576/66065","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400014","display_name":"Qatar University QSpace (Qatar University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I60342839","host_organization_name":"Qatar University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I60342839"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.5099999904632568,"display_name":"Reduced inequalities","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/10"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":61,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1482537073","https://openalex.org/W2031533839","https://openalex.org/W2053637704","https://openalex.org/W2402235285","https://openalex.org/W2435473771","https://openalex.org/W2701059868","https://openalex.org/W2765200655","https://openalex.org/W2768174108","https://openalex.org/W2789935117","https://openalex.org/W2895782209","https://openalex.org/W2896938420","https://openalex.org/W2899025187","https://openalex.org/W2942091739","https://openalex.org/W2942928164","https://openalex.org/W2957285709","https://openalex.org/W2963759492","https://openalex.org/W2979557494","https://openalex.org/W2997572583","https://openalex.org/W3003532255","https://openalex.org/W3008381581","https://openalex.org/W3021878953","https://openalex.org/W3037810296","https://openalex.org/W3042006926","https://openalex.org/W3089479895","https://openalex.org/W3107806822","https://openalex.org/W3119962516","https://openalex.org/W3128515475","https://openalex.org/W3138090943","https://openalex.org/W3151856971","https://openalex.org/W3153848163","https://openalex.org/W3157477139","https://openalex.org/W3165750456","https://openalex.org/W3169180249","https://openalex.org/W3172555720","https://openalex.org/W3193572782","https://openalex.org/W3216987697","https://openalex.org/W4205350912","https://openalex.org/W4225697293","https://openalex.org/W4281748497","https://openalex.org/W4287332481","https://openalex.org/W4293812334","https://openalex.org/W4311166015","https://openalex.org/W4312056919","https://openalex.org/W4312331389","https://openalex.org/W4312797494","https://openalex.org/W4381988874","https://openalex.org/W6739285390","https://openalex.org/W6747855403","https://openalex.org/W6748082217","https://openalex.org/W6750462152","https://openalex.org/W6755718506","https://openalex.org/W6775246916","https://openalex.org/W6778434676","https://openalex.org/W6780438843","https://openalex.org/W6781511523","https://openalex.org/W6785904751","https://openalex.org/W6786954568","https://openalex.org/W6787653732","https://openalex.org/W6793226373","https://openalex.org/W6800751262","https://openalex.org/W6885014805"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3197131596","https://openalex.org/W4390616380","https://openalex.org/W4388666321","https://openalex.org/W4205914924","https://openalex.org/W4283459170","https://openalex.org/W4220949352","https://openalex.org/W4225301003","https://openalex.org/W4229014887","https://openalex.org/W4229067106","https://openalex.org/W4380075502"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"To":[0],"combat":[1],"the":[2,69,77,91,108,130,135,161,175,182,212],"rapid":[3],"spread":[4],"of":[5,72,111,185,197],"misinformation":[6,11],"on":[7,15],"social":[8],"networks,":[9],"automated":[10],"detection":[12],"systems":[13],"based":[14],"deep":[16],"neural":[17],"networks":[18],"(DNNs)":[19],"have":[20],"been":[21],"developed.":[22],"However,":[23],"these":[24,73,148],"tools":[25,92],"are":[26,201,207],"often":[27],"proprietary":[28],"and":[29,96,122,144,150,216],"lack":[30],"transparency,":[31],"which":[32],"limits":[33],"their":[34],"usefulness.":[35],"Furthermore,":[36],"privacy":[37,59],"concerns":[38,60],"limit":[39],"data":[40,43,53],"sharing":[41],"by":[42,48,81,129,164,180],"owners":[44],"as":[45,47,85,87,116,203],"well":[46,86],"data-driven":[49],"misinformation-detection":[50],"services.":[51],"Although":[52],"encryption":[54,78,113,177],"techniques":[55,74],"can":[56],"help":[57],"address":[58],"in":[61,119],"DNN":[62,120,188,192],"inference,":[63],"there":[64],"is":[65],"a":[66,88,186,194],"challenge":[67],"to":[68,76,168,210],"seamless":[70],"integration":[71],"due":[75],"errors":[79],"induced":[80],"cascaded":[82],"encrypted":[83],"operations,":[84],"mismatch":[89],"between":[90,214],"used":[93],"for":[94,154],"DNNs":[95],"cryptography.":[97],"In":[98],"this":[99],"paper,":[100],"we":[101,106,173],"make":[102],"two-fold":[103],"contributions.":[104],"First,":[105],"study":[107],"noise":[109],"bounds":[110],"homomorphic":[112],"(HE)":[114],"operations":[115],"error":[117,163],"propagation":[118],"layers":[121],"derive":[123],"two":[124],"properties":[125,149],"that,":[126],"if":[127],"satisfied":[128],"layer,":[131],"will":[132],"considerably":[133],"reduce":[134],"output":[136,162],"error.":[137],"We":[138],"identify":[139],"that":[140],"<inline-formula><tex-math":[141,165,169],"notation=\"LaTeX\">$L_{2}$</tex-math></inline-formula>":[142],"regularization":[143],"sigmoid":[145,159],"activation":[146],"satisfy":[147],"validate":[151],"our":[152],"hypothesis,":[153],"instance,":[155],"replacing":[156],"ReLU":[157],"with":[158,193],"reduced":[160],"notation=\"LaTeX\">$10^{6}\\times$</tex-math></inline-formula>(best":[166],"case)":[167],"notation=\"LaTeX\">$10\\times$</tex-math></inline-formula>(worst":[170],"case).":[171],"Second,":[172],"extend":[174],"Python":[176],"library":[178],"TenSeal":[179],"enabling":[181],"automatic":[183],"conversion":[184],"TensorFlow":[187],"into":[189],"an":[190],"encryption-compatible":[191],"few":[195],"lines":[196],"code.":[198],"These":[199],"contributions":[200],"significant":[202],"encryption-friendly":[204],"DL":[205],"architectures":[206],"sorely":[208],"needed":[209],"close":[211],"gap":[213],"DL-in-research":[215],"DL-in-practice.":[217]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
