{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4400679103","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tdsc.2024.3428617","title":"Carbon: Scaling Trusted Payments With Untrusted machines","display_name":"Carbon: Scaling Trusted Payments With Untrusted machines","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-07-16","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4400679103","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tdsc.2024.3428617"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tdsc.2024.3428617","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tdsc.2024.3428617","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S133795288","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Dependable and Secure Computing","issn_l":"1545-5971","issn":["1545-5971","1941-0018","2160-9209"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320439","host_organization_name":"IEEE Computer Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320439","https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IEEE Computer Society","Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Dependable and Secure Computing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5012000758","display_name":"Martina Camaioni","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I5124864","display_name":"\u00c9cole Polytechnique F\u00e9d\u00e9rale de Lausanne","ror":"https://ror.org/02s376052","country_code":"CH","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2799323385","https://openalex.org/I5124864"]}],"countries":["CH"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Martina Camaioni","raw_affiliation_strings":["Ecole Polytechnique F&#x00E9;d&#x00E9;rale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Ecole Polytechnique F&#x00E9;d&#x00E9;rale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I5124864"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5049321288","display_name":"Rachid Guerraoui","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4794-8902"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I5124864","display_name":"\u00c9cole Polytechnique F\u00e9d\u00e9rale de Lausanne","ror":"https://ror.org/02s376052","country_code":"CH","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2799323385","https://openalex.org/I5124864"]}],"countries":["CH"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Rachid Guerraoui","raw_affiliation_strings":["Ecole Polytechnique F&#x00E9;d&#x00E9;rale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4794-8902","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Ecole Polytechnique F&#x00E9;d&#x00E9;rale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I5124864"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5057275329","display_name":"Jovan Komatovic","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0006-9714-4079"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I5124864","display_name":"\u00c9cole Polytechnique F\u00e9d\u00e9rale de Lausanne","ror":"https://ror.org/02s376052","country_code":"CH","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2799323385","https://openalex.org/I5124864"]}],"countries":["CH"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jovan Komatovic","raw_affiliation_strings":["Ecole Polytechnique F&#x00E9;d&#x00E9;rale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0006-9714-4079","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Ecole Polytechnique F&#x00E9;d&#x00E9;rale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I5124864"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5103229482","display_name":"Matteo Monti","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3993-8560"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I5124864","display_name":"\u00c9cole Polytechnique F\u00e9d\u00e9rale de Lausanne","ror":"https://ror.org/02s376052","country_code":"CH","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2799323385","https://openalex.org/I5124864"]}],"countries":["CH"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Matteo Monti","raw_affiliation_strings":["Ecole Polytechnique F&#x00E9;d&#x00E9;rale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3993-8560","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Ecole Polytechnique F&#x00E9;d&#x00E9;rale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I5124864"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5040376257","display_name":"Pierre-Louis Roman","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5741-1490"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I5124864","display_name":"\u00c9cole Polytechnique F\u00e9d\u00e9rale de Lausanne","ror":"https://ror.org/02s376052","country_code":"CH","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2799323385","https://openalex.org/I5124864"]}],"countries":["CH"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Pierre-Louis Roman","raw_affiliation_strings":["Ecole Polytechnique F&#x00E9;d&#x00E9;rale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5741-1490","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Ecole Polytechnique F&#x00E9;d&#x00E9;rale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I5124864"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5004056514","display_name":"Manuel Vidigueira","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0008-5821-2571"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I5124864","display_name":"\u00c9cole Polytechnique F\u00e9d\u00e9rale de Lausanne","ror":"https://ror.org/02s376052","country_code":"CH","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2799323385","https://openalex.org/I5124864"]}],"countries":["CH"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Manuel Vidigueira","raw_affiliation_strings":["Ecole Polytechnique F&#x00E9;d&#x00E9;rale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0008-5821-2571","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Ecole Polytechnique F&#x00E9;d&#x00E9;rale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I5124864"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5059744326","display_name":"Gauthier Voron","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4239-9940"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I5124864","display_name":"\u00c9cole Polytechnique F\u00e9d\u00e9rale de Lausanne","ror":"https://ror.org/02s376052","country_code":"CH","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2799323385","https://openalex.org/I5124864"]}],"countries":["CH"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Gauthier Voron","raw_affiliation_strings":["Ecole Polytechnique F&#x00E9;d&#x00E9;rale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4239-9940","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Ecole Polytechnique F&#x00E9;d&#x00E9;rale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I5124864"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":7,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.15000545,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"22","issue":"2","first_page":"1168","last_page":"1180"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10270","display_name":"Blockchain Technology Applications and Security","score":0.9976999759674072,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10270","display_name":"Blockchain Technology Applications and Security","score":0.9976999759674072,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11614","display_name":"Cloud Data Security Solutions","score":0.9053999781608582,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/payment","display_name":"Payment","score":0.7022755146026611},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scaling","display_name":"Scaling","score":0.6651149392127991},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.47900909185409546},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.4662705063819885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/carbon-fibers","display_name":"Carbon fibers","score":0.453397274017334},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/business","display_name":"Business","score":0.3940914273262024},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/internet-privacy","display_name":"Internet privacy","score":0.3737064003944397},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/world-wide-web","display_name":"World Wide Web","score":0.17634695768356323},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.10803148150444031},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.09867966175079346}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C145097563","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1148747","display_name":"Payment","level":2,"score":0.7022755146026611},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99844830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q102441924","display_name":"Scaling","level":2,"score":0.6651149392127991},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.47900909185409546},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.4662705063819885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C140205800","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5860","display_name":"Carbon fibers","level":3,"score":0.453397274017334},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.3940914273262024},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108827166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q175975","display_name":"Internet privacy","level":1,"score":0.3737064003944397},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136764020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466","display_name":"World Wide Web","level":1,"score":0.17634695768356323},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.10803148150444031},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.09867966175079346},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104779481","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q50707","display_name":"Composite number","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tdsc.2024.3428617","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tdsc.2024.3428617","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S133795288","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Dependable and Secure Computing","issn_l":"1545-5971","issn":["1545-5971","1941-0018","2160-9209"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320439","host_organization_name":"IEEE Computer Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320439","https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IEEE Computer Society","Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Dependable and Secure Computing","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7218647605","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"46752.1 IP-ICT","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320327931","funder_display_name":"Innosuisse - Schweizerische Agentur f\u00fcr Innovationsf\u00f6rderung"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7463073017","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"21084","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321942","funder_display_name":"Hasler Stiftung"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321942","display_name":"Hasler Stiftung","ror":"https://ror.org/04m3t9183"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320327931","display_name":"Innosuisse - Schweizerische Agentur f\u00fcr Innovationsf\u00f6rderung","ror":"https://ror.org/05a2bhn71"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320329826","display_name":"Interchain Stiftung","ror":null}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":79,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1520914943","https://openalex.org/W1763079358","https://openalex.org/W1788452017","https://openalex.org/W1794148987","https://openalex.org/W1836078613","https://openalex.org/W1910751411","https://openalex.org/W1988655303","https://openalex.org/W2003214215","https://openalex.org/W2014239329","https://openalex.org/W2035362408","https://openalex.org/W2043007983","https://openalex.org/W2095126777","https://openalex.org/W2100309652","https://openalex.org/W2110880385","https://openalex.org/W2118726720","https://openalex.org/W2137934532","https://openalex.org/W2148828749","https://openalex.org/W2151102492","https://openalex.org/W2153637223","https://openalex.org/W2167554088","https://openalex.org/W2223468118","https://openalex.org/W2262479410","https://openalex.org/W2507130841","https://openalex.org/W2534313446","https://openalex.org/W2725542890","https://openalex.org/W2739845435","https://openalex.org/W2763398287","https://openalex.org/W2794533297","https://openalex.org/W2811448169","https://openalex.org/W2884026699","https://openalex.org/W2964159515","https://openalex.org/W2979777917","https://openalex.org/W2981749566","https://openalex.org/W2981755312","https://openalex.org/W2982003166","https://openalex.org/W2986418087","https://openalex.org/W2998727879","https://openalex.org/W3006287219","https://openalex.org/W3015450389","https://openalex.org/W3015486462","https://openalex.org/W3046599748","https://openalex.org/W3047794938","https://openalex.org/W3082298816","https://openalex.org/W3096269614","https://openalex.org/W3104395320","https://openalex.org/W3137092842","https://openalex.org/W3154226735","https://openalex.org/W3162285760","https://openalex.org/W3164090913","https://openalex.org/W3177492523","https://openalex.org/W3177724018","https://openalex.org/W3185672164","https://openalex.org/W3194141893","https://openalex.org/W3195500408","https://openalex.org/W3209624758","https://openalex.org/W3211052110","https://openalex.org/W3211186973","https://openalex.org/W3213491623","https://openalex.org/W4211068006","https://openalex.org/W4244183172","https://openalex.org/W4245560098","https://openalex.org/W4313145308","https://openalex.org/W4372260561","https://openalex.org/W6633298563","https://openalex.org/W6635765730","https://openalex.org/W6637330182","https://openalex.org/W6678832241","https://openalex.org/W6685807058","https://openalex.org/W6723160279","https://openalex.org/W6745833317","https://openalex.org/W6750793552","https://openalex.org/W6763622271","https://openalex.org/W6763986627","https://openalex.org/W6769217690","https://openalex.org/W6778796955","https://openalex.org/W6784186067","https://openalex.org/W6787574190","https://openalex.org/W6790252809","https://openalex.org/W6793285265"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W141820298","https://openalex.org/W2049584446","https://openalex.org/W2079781215","https://openalex.org/W4378770497","https://openalex.org/W4308245303","https://openalex.org/W2014033564","https://openalex.org/W2910573937","https://openalex.org/W4385571583","https://openalex.org/W4389519396","https://openalex.org/W2113438243"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0],"paper":[1],"introduces":[2],"Carbon,":[3],"a":[4,17,26,87,112,121],"high-throughput":[5],"system":[6,62],"enabling":[7],"asynchronous":[8,67,76],"(safe)":[9],"and":[10,14,58,68,77],"consensus-free":[11],"(efficient)":[12],"payments":[13,117],"votes":[15],"within":[16],"dynamic":[18,27],"set":[19,28,89],"of":[20,29,60,80,90,98,114,127,133],"clients.":[21],"Carbon":[22,46,72,107],"is":[23,108],"operated":[24],"by":[25,54,130],"validators":[30,53],"that":[31,84],"may":[32],"be":[33],"reconfigured":[34],"asynchronously,":[35],"offering":[36],"its":[37,65],"clients":[38,48],"eclipse":[39],"resistance":[40],"as":[41,43],"well":[42],"lightweight":[44],"bootstrap.":[45],"offers":[47],"the":[49,61,96,125,128],"ability":[50],"to":[51,64,94,102,110],"select":[52],"voting":[55,70],"them":[56],"in":[57,120],"out":[59],"thanks":[63],"novel":[66],"stake-less":[69],"mechanism.":[71],"relies":[73],"on":[74],"an":[75],"deterministic":[78],"implementation":[79],"Byzantine":[81,103],"reliable":[82],"broadcast":[83],"uniquely":[85],"leverages":[86],"permissionless":[88],"untrusted":[91],"servers,":[92],"brokers,":[93],"slash":[95],"cost":[97],"client":[99],"authentication":[100],"inherent":[101],"fault":[104],"tolerant":[105],"systems.":[106],"able":[109],"sustain":[111],"throughput":[113],"one":[115],"million":[116],"per":[118],"second":[119],"geo-distributed":[122],"environment,":[123],"outperforming":[124],"state":[126],"art":[129],"three":[131],"orders":[132],"magnitude":[134],"with":[135],"equivalent":[136],"latencies.":[137]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
