{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4399425939","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tdsc.2024.3411014","title":"Few-Shot Website Fingerprinting With Distribution Calibration","display_name":"Few-Shot Website Fingerprinting With Distribution Calibration","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-06-07","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4399425939","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tdsc.2024.3411014"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tdsc.2024.3411014","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tdsc.2024.3411014","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S133795288","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Dependable and Secure Computing","issn_l":"1545-5971","issn":["1545-5971","1941-0018","2160-9209"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320439","host_organization_name":"IEEE Computer Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320439","https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IEEE Computer Society","Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Dependable and Secure Computing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5045750499","display_name":"Chenxiang Luo","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I24185976","display_name":"Sichuan University","ror":"https://ror.org/011ashp19","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I24185976"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chenxiang Luo","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Cyber Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0003-3866-5200","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Cyber Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I24185976"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Wenyi Tang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0308-9587"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I24185976","display_name":"Sichuan University","ror":"https://ror.org/011ashp19","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I24185976"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wenyi Tang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Cyber Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0308-9587","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Cyber Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I24185976"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5075417376","display_name":"Qixu Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3970-9290"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I24185976","display_name":"Sichuan University","ror":"https://ror.org/011ashp19","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I24185976"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Qixu Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Cyber Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3970-9290","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Cyber Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I24185976"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5079356223","display_name":"Danyang Zheng","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3031-7856"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4800084","display_name":"Southwest Jiaotong University","ror":"https://ror.org/00hn7w693","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4800084"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Danyang Zheng","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computing and Artificial Intelligence, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3031-7856","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computing and Artificial Intelligence, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4800084"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.5311,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":7,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.83525772,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":98,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"22","issue":"1","first_page":"632","last_page":"648"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12357","display_name":"Digital Media Forensic Detection","score":0.9894000291824341,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12357","display_name":"Digital Media Forensic Detection","score":0.9894000291824341,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10388","display_name":"Advanced Steganography and Watermarking Techniques","score":0.989300012588501,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11598","display_name":"Internet Traffic Analysis and Secure E-voting","score":0.9758999943733215,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/shot","display_name":"Shot (pellet)","score":0.6365582942962646},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/calibration","display_name":"Calibration","score":0.5595455169677734},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fingerprint","display_name":"Fingerprint (computing)","score":0.553167998790741},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5386720895767212},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.2836838960647583},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.19739413261413574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/statistics","display_name":"Statistics","score":0.18248170614242554},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/materials-science","display_name":"Materials science","score":0.11253628134727478}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778344882","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q278938","display_name":"Shot (pellet)","level":2,"score":0.6365582942962646},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165838908","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q736777","display_name":"Calibration","level":2,"score":0.5595455169677734},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777826928","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3745713","display_name":"Fingerprint (computing)","level":2,"score":0.553167998790741},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5386720895767212},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.2836838960647583},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.19739413261413574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.18248170614242554},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192562407","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736","display_name":"Materials science","level":0,"score":0.11253628134727478},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C191897082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11467","display_name":"Metallurgy","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tdsc.2024.3411014","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tdsc.2024.3411014","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S133795288","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Dependable and Secure Computing","issn_l":"1545-5971","issn":["1545-5971","1941-0018","2160-9209"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320439","host_organization_name":"IEEE Computer Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320439","https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IEEE Computer Society","Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Dependable and Secure Computing","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2915584714","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62302404","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3934190740","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2022SCU12116","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335787","funder_display_name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5419595980","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2023SCU12129","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335787","funder_display_name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G827837827","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62302322","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335787","display_name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities","ror":null}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":56,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1545050218","https://openalex.org/W1655958391","https://openalex.org/W1731081199","https://openalex.org/W1866884617","https://openalex.org/W1993568446","https://openalex.org/W2108217512","https://openalex.org/W2120702739","https://openalex.org/W2135088779","https://openalex.org/W2135579486","https://openalex.org/W2145287260","https://openalex.org/W2170085959","https://openalex.org/W2272516773","https://openalex.org/W2485000773","https://openalex.org/W2752782242","https://openalex.org/W2783301790","https://openalex.org/W2798381792","https://openalex.org/W2903379676","https://openalex.org/W2913901113","https://openalex.org/W2963026768","https://openalex.org/W2963037989","https://openalex.org/W2963704216","https://openalex.org/W2964123888","https://openalex.org/W2964271799","https://openalex.org/W2964602598","https://openalex.org/W2989013751","https://openalex.org/W3015990833","https://openalex.org/W3019195326","https://openalex.org/W3034303554","https://openalex.org/W3094502228","https://openalex.org/W3155269739","https://openalex.org/W3193903060","https://openalex.org/W3194860875","https://openalex.org/W3199181044","https://openalex.org/W3203645886","https://openalex.org/W4225125099","https://openalex.org/W4225696825","https://openalex.org/W4226334005","https://openalex.org/W4280624728","https://openalex.org/W4281667973","https://openalex.org/W4281775604","https://openalex.org/W4288073030","https://openalex.org/W4300991606","https://openalex.org/W4309686864","https://openalex.org/W4312253571","https://openalex.org/W4319163914","https://openalex.org/W4388858184","https://openalex.org/W4390190200","https://openalex.org/W6638444622","https://openalex.org/W6682188453","https://openalex.org/W6693724512","https://openalex.org/W6730169306","https://openalex.org/W6745136726","https://openalex.org/W6765779288","https://openalex.org/W6781761031","https://openalex.org/W6788840927","https://openalex.org/W6810182680"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4391375266","https://openalex.org/W2748952813","https://openalex.org/W2074502265","https://openalex.org/W4214877189","https://openalex.org/W2773965352","https://openalex.org/W2381179799","https://openalex.org/W2980279061","https://openalex.org/W2334685461","https://openalex.org/W2366718574","https://openalex.org/W2359774528"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Website":[0,159],"Fingerprinting":[1,160],"(WF)":[2],"aims":[3],"to":[4,26,35,47,118,194,204,220],"identify":[5],"users\u2019":[6],"visited":[7],"websites":[8],"from":[9],"encrypted":[10,17],"traffic":[11],"traces,":[12],"disabling":[13],"the":[14,20,67,73,92,107,120,130,139,148,176,187,191,206,210,222,226,235,238],"anonymity":[15],"of":[16,62,80,88,136,144,190,209,240],"communication":[18],"like":[19],"Tor":[21],"network.":[22,174],"It":[23],"is":[24,57,218],"practical":[25],"use":[27],"historically":[28],"labeled":[29],"(source)":[30],"data,":[31],"e.g.,":[32],"public":[33],"datasets,":[34],"pre-train":[36],"a":[37,52,59,85,156,165,171,183,201,214],"WF":[38,100],"model,":[39],"and":[40,69,76,114,141,150,170,198,234,248],"then":[41,199],"collect":[42],"few":[43],"incoming":[44],"(target)":[45],"data":[46,71,90],"re-train":[48],"this":[49,124],"model":[50],"within":[51],"low":[53],"cost.":[54],"Unfortunately,":[55],"there":[56],"always":[58],"considerable":[60],"difference":[61],"latent":[63],"feature":[64,81],"distributions":[65],"between":[66],"source":[68],"target":[70,89,192,211],"(i.e.,":[72,91],"cross-domain":[74,112,131,149],"problem)":[75],"an":[77],"inevitable":[78],"bias":[79],"distribution":[82,94,121,152,167,189,208],"caused":[83,224],"by":[84,225],"limited":[86],"volume":[87],"biased":[93,151,207],"problem).":[95],"Although":[96],"current":[97],"Few-Shot":[98],"Learning-based":[99],"(FSWF)":[101],"methods":[102],"achieve":[103],"satisfactory":[104],"performance":[105],"on":[106],"efficient":[108],"establishment,":[109],"they":[110],"lack":[111],"transferability,":[113],"meanwhile,":[115],"are":[116,232],"unable":[117],"alleviate":[119],"bias.":[122],"In":[123,175],"paper,":[125],"we":[126,154,180],"first":[127,181],"systematically":[128],"analyze":[129],"problem":[132],"among":[133],"different":[134],"domains":[135],"traffics,":[137],"revealing":[138],"ubiquity":[140],"dominant":[142],"factors":[143],"it.":[145],"To":[146],"mitigate":[147],"problems,":[153],"propose":[155],"Distribution":[157],"Calibrated":[158],"(DCWF)":[161],"method":[162],"that":[163],"incorporates":[164],"two-stage":[166,177],"calibration":[168,178,202,227],"process":[169,203],"tailored":[172,215],"circle":[173,216],"process,":[179],"devise":[182],"re-modeling":[184],"mechanism":[185],"capturing":[186],"information":[188],"domain":[193],"extract":[195],"representative":[196],"features,":[197],"design":[200],"adjust":[205],"domain.":[212],"Subsequently,":[213],"network":[217],"proposed":[219],"reduce":[221],"noise":[223],"process.":[228],"Finally,":[229],"extensive":[230],"experiments":[231],"conducted":[233],"results":[236],"demonstrate":[237],"superiority":[239],"our":[241],"DCWF":[242],"over":[243],"comparisons":[244],"under":[245],"both":[246],"close-world":[247],"open-world":[249],"settings.":[250]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":5}],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}