{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4394951207","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tdsc.2024.3391345","title":"R2E: A Decentralized Scheme for Rewarding Tor Relays With Cryptocurrencies","display_name":"R2E: A Decentralized Scheme for Rewarding Tor Relays With Cryptocurrencies","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-04-19","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4394951207","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tdsc.2024.3391345"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tdsc.2024.3391345","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tdsc.2024.3391345","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S133795288","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Dependable and Secure Computing","issn_l":"1545-5971","issn":["1545-5971","1941-0018","2160-9209"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320439","host_organization_name":"IEEE Computer Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320439","https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IEEE Computer Society","Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Dependable and Secure Computing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5054404094","display_name":"Xiaopeng Dai","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0000-7051-4195"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I82880672","display_name":"Beihang University","ror":"https://ror.org/00wk2mp56","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I82880672"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Xiaopeng Dai","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Cyber Science and Technology, Beihang University, Beijing, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Cyber Science and Technology, Beihang University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I82880672"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5022955566","display_name":"Qianhong Wu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6407-4194"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I82880672","display_name":"Beihang University","ror":"https://ror.org/00wk2mp56","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I82880672"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Qianhong Wu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Cyber Science and Technology, Beihang University, Beijing, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Cyber Science and Technology, Beihang University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I82880672"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100683081","display_name":"Bingyu Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5925-1638"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I82880672","display_name":"Beihang University","ror":"https://ror.org/00wk2mp56","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I82880672"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Bingyu Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Cyber Science and Technology, Beihang University, Beijing, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Cyber Science and Technology, Beihang University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I82880672"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5111808632","display_name":"Bo Qin","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6015-7788"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I78988378","display_name":"Renmin University of China","ror":"https://ror.org/041pakw92","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I78988378"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Bo Qin","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Information, Renmin University of China, Beijing, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Information, Renmin University of China, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I78988378"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5047269850","display_name":"Jialiang Fan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5554-672X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I82880672","display_name":"Beihang University","ror":"https://ror.org/00wk2mp56","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I82880672"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jialiang Fan","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Cyber Science and Technology, Beihang University, Beijing, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Cyber Science and Technology, Beihang University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I82880672"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5020900634","display_name":"Fuyang Deng","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I82880672","display_name":"Beihang University","ror":"https://ror.org/00wk2mp56","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I82880672"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Fuyang Deng","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Cyber Science and Technology, Beihang University, Beijing, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Cyber Science and Technology, Beihang University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I82880672"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5095747962","display_name":"Mingzhe Zhai","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0001-0278-9514"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I82880672","display_name":"Beihang University","ror":"https://ror.org/00wk2mp56","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I82880672"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mingzhe Zhai","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Cyber Science and Technology, Beihang University, Beijing, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Cyber Science and Technology, Beihang University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I82880672"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":7,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5054404094"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I82880672"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.03992035,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"22","issue":"1","first_page":"164","last_page":"178"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11598","display_name":"Internet Traffic Analysis and Secure E-voting","score":0.9922000169754028,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11598","display_name":"Internet Traffic Analysis and Secure E-voting","score":0.9922000169754028,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13999","display_name":"Digital Rights Management and Security","score":0.9735999703407288,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10237","display_name":"Cryptography and Data Security","score":0.9700999855995178,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cryptocurrency","display_name":"Cryptocurrency","score":0.8458470106124878},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scheme","display_name":"Scheme (mathematics)","score":0.7137101292610168},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5090638995170593},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.23193448781967163},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.21268919110298157}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C180706569","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q13479982","display_name":"Cryptocurrency","level":2,"score":0.8458470106124878},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77618280","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1155772","display_name":"Scheme (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.7137101292610168},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5090638995170593},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.23193448781967163},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.21268919110298157},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tdsc.2024.3391345","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tdsc.2024.3391345","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S133795288","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Dependable and Secure Computing","issn_l":"1545-5971","issn":["1545-5971","1941-0018","2160-9209"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320439","host_organization_name":"IEEE Computer Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320439","https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IEEE Computer Society","Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Dependable and Secure Computing","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8060741714","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"61932011","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":31,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W744360100","https://openalex.org/W1479826086","https://openalex.org/W1497579132","https://openalex.org/W1520914943","https://openalex.org/W1553083934","https://openalex.org/W1600255172","https://openalex.org/W1606058619","https://openalex.org/W1655958391","https://openalex.org/W2014682428","https://openalex.org/W2035508649","https://openalex.org/W2041221349","https://openalex.org/W2098749368","https://openalex.org/W2101712107","https://openalex.org/W2118451355","https://openalex.org/W2143652461","https://openalex.org/W2144752539","https://openalex.org/W2156186849","https://openalex.org/W2496543269","https://openalex.org/W2552640487","https://openalex.org/W2604248381","https://openalex.org/W2739845435","https://openalex.org/W3005587866","https://openalex.org/W3042943154","https://openalex.org/W3081668372","https://openalex.org/W4211068006","https://openalex.org/W4386051541","https://openalex.org/W6631770427","https://openalex.org/W6678832241","https://openalex.org/W6681523319","https://openalex.org/W6685116960","https://openalex.org/W6793285265"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4391375266","https://openalex.org/W2748952813","https://openalex.org/W4366411693","https://openalex.org/W3211641817","https://openalex.org/W3164717803","https://openalex.org/W4389915954","https://openalex.org/W3123387860","https://openalex.org/W4291291739","https://openalex.org/W2915579847","https://openalex.org/W3110645133"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Tor's":[0,50],"original":[1],"design":[2,81],"does":[3],"not":[4],"have":[5],"an":[6],"incentive":[7,34,183],"mechanism":[8],"but":[9],"relies":[10],"on":[11,41,128],"volunteers":[12],"to":[13,22,80,117,149,161,196],"maintain":[14],"their":[15],"relay":[16,31,62],"nodes":[17],"for":[18,37,158],"free,":[19],"eventually":[20],"leading":[21],"the":[23,69,76,94,105,132,175],"current":[24],"situation":[25],"of":[26,30,48,78,107,125,177,182],"centralization":[27],"and":[28,67,90,110,114,130,135,155,166,180,191],"lack":[29],"nodes.":[32],"Current":[33],"schemes":[35],"designed":[36],"Tor":[38,61],"generally":[39],"rely":[40],"centralized":[42],"roles,":[43],"thus":[44],"presenting":[45],"a":[46,56,123],"risk":[47],"destroying":[49],"anonymity.":[51,91],"This":[52],"paper":[53],"proposes":[54],"R2E,":[55],"decentralized":[57,82],"scheme":[58],"that":[59,84,99,170],"treats":[60],"services":[63],"as":[64],"cryptocurrency":[65],"mining":[66],"rewards":[68],"relays":[70],"with":[71],"generated":[72],"tokens":[73],"while":[74,87,185],"addressing":[75],"challenge":[77],"how":[79],"protocols":[83],"quantify":[85],"workload":[86],"ensuring":[88],"fairness":[89,181],"We":[92,121],"construct":[93],"Proof-of-Relay":[95],"protocol":[96],"in":[97,189,200],"R2E":[98,126,171],"enforces":[100],"random":[101],"circuit":[102],"selection,":[103],"limits":[104],"number":[106],"nonce":[108],"attempts,":[109],"exploits":[111],"one-time":[112],"keys":[113],"zero-knowledge":[115],"proofs":[116],"protect":[118],"participants'":[119,178],"identities.":[120],"implemented":[122],"prototype":[124],"based":[127],"Ethereum":[129],"conducted":[131],"trial":[133],"operation":[134],"several":[136],"confirmation":[137],"experiments":[138],"involving":[139],"<inline-formula":[140,145,150],"xmlns:mml=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\"":[141,146,151],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\"><tex-math":[142,147,152],"notation=\"LaTeX\">$2^{20}$</tex-math></inline-formula>":[143],"clients,":[144],"notation=\"LaTeX\">$2^{10}$</tex-math></inline-formula>":[148],"notation=\"LaTeX\">$2^{16}$</tex-math></inline-formula>":[153],"nodes,":[154],"256":[156],"circuits":[157],"each":[159],"client":[160],"demonstrate":[162],"its":[163],"applicability.":[164],"Analysis":[165],"experimental":[167],"results":[168],"show":[169],"can":[172],"effectively":[173],"ensure":[174],"anonymity":[176],"identities":[179],"allocation":[184],"showing":[186],"good":[187],"performance":[188],"overhead":[190],"scalability,":[192],"making":[193],"it":[194],"easy":[195],"be":[197],"quickly":[198],"applied":[199],"practical":[201],"deployments.":[202]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}