{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4394805025","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tdsc.2024.3387396","title":"Functionality and Data Stealing by Pseudo-Client Attack and Target Defenses in Split Learning","display_name":"Functionality and Data Stealing by Pseudo-Client Attack and Target Defenses in Split Learning","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-04-15","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4394805025","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tdsc.2024.3387396"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tdsc.2024.3387396","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tdsc.2024.3387396","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S133795288","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Dependable and Secure Computing","issn_l":"1545-5971","issn":["1545-5971","1941-0018","2160-9209"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320439","host_organization_name":"IEEE Computer Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320439","https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IEEE Computer Society","Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Dependable and Secure Computing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100322320","display_name":"Lan Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1004-8588"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I126520041","display_name":"University of Science and Technology of China","ror":"https://ror.org/04c4dkn09","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I126520041","https://openalex.org/I19820366"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lan Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science and Technology, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1004-8588","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science and Technology, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I126520041"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5050405660","display_name":"X. Gao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9616-842X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I126520041","display_name":"University of Science and Technology of China","ror":"https://ror.org/04c4dkn09","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I126520041","https://openalex.org/I19820366"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xinben Gao","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science and Technology, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9616-842X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science and Technology, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I126520041"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5046576694","display_name":"Yaliang Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4204-6096"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210095624","display_name":"Alibaba Group (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/00rn0m335","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210095624","https://openalex.org/I45928872"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210108985","display_name":"Bellevue Hospital Center","ror":"https://ror.org/01ky34z31","country_code":"US","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1283621791","https://openalex.org/I4210086933","https://openalex.org/I4210108985"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yaliang Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["DAMO Academy, Alibaba Group, Bellevue, WA, USA","DAMO Academy, Alibaba Group USA, Bellevue, WA, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4204-6096","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"DAMO Academy, Alibaba Group, Bellevue, WA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210095624","https://openalex.org/I4210108985"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"DAMO Academy, Alibaba Group USA, Bellevue, WA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210095624","https://openalex.org/I4210108985"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101877973","display_name":"Yunhao Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8052-9200"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99065089","display_name":"Tsinghua University","ror":"https://ror.org/03cve4549","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yunhao Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Tsinghua University, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8052-9200","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Tsinghua University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.2172,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.41584666,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"22","issue":"1","first_page":"84","last_page":"100"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10828","display_name":"Biometric Identification and Security","score":0.9000999927520752,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10828","display_name":"Biometric Identification and Security","score":0.9000999927520752,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.599503219127655},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.4758572280406952},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/human\u2013computer-interaction","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","score":0.34167948365211487}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.599503219127655},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.4758572280406952},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107457646","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207434","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","level":1,"score":0.34167948365211487}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tdsc.2024.3387396","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tdsc.2024.3387396","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S133795288","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Dependable and Secure Computing","issn_l":"1545-5971","issn":["1545-5971","1941-0018","2160-9209"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320439","host_organization_name":"IEEE Computer Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320439","https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IEEE Computer Society","Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Dependable and Secure Computing","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3423709866","display_name":"\u57fa\u4e8e\u533a\u5757\u94fe\u7684\u7269\u8054\u7f51\u5b89\u5168\u6280\u672f\u7814\u7a76","funder_award_id":"61932016","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7793141733","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"WK2150110024","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335787","funder_display_name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335787","display_name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities","ror":null}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":32,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2027595342","https://openalex.org/W2108598243","https://openalex.org/W2112796928","https://openalex.org/W2133665775","https://openalex.org/W2194775991","https://openalex.org/W2473418344","https://openalex.org/W2549955619","https://openalex.org/W2756289758","https://openalex.org/W2903777941","https://openalex.org/W2963209930","https://openalex.org/W2989885118","https://openalex.org/W3043699074","https://openalex.org/W3091884625","https://openalex.org/W3129519326","https://openalex.org/W3166268753","https://openalex.org/W3209673140","https://openalex.org/W3213008925","https://openalex.org/W4214636433","https://openalex.org/W4296411155","https://openalex.org/W4302584559","https://openalex.org/W4307823718","https://openalex.org/W6637373629","https://openalex.org/W6638523607","https://openalex.org/W6737664043","https://openalex.org/W6756436328","https://openalex.org/W6768234139","https://openalex.org/W6772284903","https://openalex.org/W6778872953","https://openalex.org/W6787972765","https://openalex.org/W6791120749","https://openalex.org/W6809959499","https://openalex.org/W6841431707"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4391375266","https://openalex.org/W2748952813","https://openalex.org/W2390279801","https://openalex.org/W2358668433","https://openalex.org/W2376932109","https://openalex.org/W2001405890","https://openalex.org/W2382290278","https://openalex.org/W4391913857","https://openalex.org/W2350741829","https://openalex.org/W2530322880"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Split":[0],"learning":[1,177],"(SL)":[2],"aims":[3],"to":[4,137,159,195,202],"protect":[5],"a":[6,12,26,31,72,94,104,134],"client's":[7],"data":[8],"by":[9],"splitting":[10],"up":[11],"neural":[13],"network":[14,44,54,152],"among":[15],"the":[16,19,39,42,47,52,69,79,89,123,130,150,155,204],"client":[17,43,53,80],"and":[18,46,75,84,102,144,176,183,198],"server.":[20],"Previous":[21],"efforts":[22],"have":[23],"shown":[24],"that":[25,164],"semi-honest":[27,135],"server":[28,98,136],"can":[29],"conduct":[30],"model":[32,81],"inversion":[33],"attack.":[34],"However,":[35],"those":[36],"attacks":[37],"require":[38],"knowledge":[40,148],"of":[41,96,125],"structure,":[45],"performance":[48],"deteriorates":[49],"dramatically":[50],"as":[51],"gets":[55],"deeper":[56],"(":[57],"<inline-formula":[58],"xmlns:mml=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\"":[59,110,114,118],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\"><tex-math":[60],"notation=\"LaTeX\">$\\geq":[61],"2$</tex-math></inline-formula>":[62],"layers).":[63],"In":[64],"this":[65,128],"work,":[66],"we":[67],"explore":[68,191],"attack":[70,106,132,156,166,201],"in":[71,170,180],"more":[73,85,173],"general":[74],"challenging":[76],"situation":[77],"where":[78],"is":[82,129,157],"unknown":[83],"complex.":[86],"We":[87,189],"unveil":[88],"inherent":[90],"privacy":[91],"leakage":[92],"through":[93],"series":[95],"intermediate":[97],"models":[99,175],"during":[100],"SL,":[101],"propose":[103],"new":[105],"on":[107],"SL:":[108],"<bold":[109,113,117],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">P</b>":[111],"seudo-":[112],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">C</b>":[115],"lient":[116],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">AT</b>":[119],"tack":[120],"(PCAT).":[121],"To":[122],"best":[124],"our":[126,165,200],"knowledge,":[127],"first":[131],"for":[133],"steal":[138],"clients'":[139,151],"functionality,":[140],"reconstruct":[141],"private":[142],"inputs":[143],"labels":[145],"without":[146],"any":[147],"about":[149],"structure.":[153],"Moreover,":[154],"transparent":[158],"clients.":[160],"Extensive":[161],"experiments":[162],"demonstrate":[163],"outperforms":[167],"previous":[168],"works":[169],"scenarios":[171],"involving":[172],"complex":[174],"tasks,":[178],"even":[179],"non-i.i.d.":[181],"settings":[182],"confronted":[184],"with":[185],"conventional":[186],"defensive":[187],"measures.":[188],"further":[190],"novel":[192],"defense":[193],"mechanisms":[194],"mitigate":[196],"PCAT":[197],"improve":[199],"counteract":[203],"potential":[205],"defenses.":[206]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-07-15T18:14:33.161393","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
