{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4394698403","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tdsc.2024.3386905","title":"Understanding and Characterizing the Adoption of Internationalized Domain Names in Practice","display_name":"Understanding and Characterizing the Adoption of Internationalized Domain Names in Practice","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-04-10","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4394698403","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tdsc.2024.3386905"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tdsc.2024.3386905","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tdsc.2024.3386905","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S133795288","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Dependable and Secure Computing","issn_l":"1545-5971","issn":["1545-5971","1941-0018","2160-9209"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320439","host_organization_name":"IEEE Computer Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320439","https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IEEE Computer Society","Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Dependable and Secure Computing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5067329628","display_name":"Yunyi Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0878-7656"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I143868143","display_name":"Anhui University","ror":"https://ror.org/05th6yx34","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I143868143"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I170215575","display_name":"National University of Defense Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05d2yfz11","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I170215575"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yunyi Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Electronic Engineering, Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Cyberspace Security Situation Awareness and Evaluation, National University of Defense Technology, Hefei, Anhui, China","College of Electronic Engineering, National University of Defense Technology, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0878-7656","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Electronic Engineering, Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Cyberspace Security Situation Awareness and Evaluation, National University of Defense Technology, Hefei, Anhui, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I143868143"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Electronic Engineering, National University of Defense Technology, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I170215575"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5050637129","display_name":"Chengxi Xu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7405-7710"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I143868143","display_name":"Anhui University","ror":"https://ror.org/05th6yx34","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I143868143"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I170215575","display_name":"National University of Defense Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05d2yfz11","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I170215575"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chengxi Xu","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Electronic Engineering, Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Cyberspace Security Situation Awareness and Evaluation, National University of Defense Technology, Hefei, Anhui, China","College of Electronic Engineering, National University of Defense Technology, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7405-7710","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Electronic Engineering, Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Cyberspace Security Situation Awareness and Evaluation, National University of Defense Technology, Hefei, Anhui, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I143868143"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Electronic Engineering, National University of Defense Technology, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I170215575"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5011736896","display_name":"Fan Shi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4533-2706"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I143868143","display_name":"Anhui University","ror":"https://ror.org/05th6yx34","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I143868143"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I170215575","display_name":"National University of Defense Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05d2yfz11","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I170215575"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Fan Shi","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Electronic Engineering, Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Cyberspace Security Situation Awareness and Evaluation, National University of Defense Technology, Hefei, Anhui, China","College of Electronic Engineering, National University of Defense Technology, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4533-2706","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Electronic Engineering, Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Cyberspace Security Situation Awareness and Evaluation, National University of Defense Technology, Hefei, Anhui, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I143868143"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Electronic Engineering, National University of Defense Technology, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I170215575"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5067766026","display_name":"Miao Hu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0005-9691-4011"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I143868143","display_name":"Anhui University","ror":"https://ror.org/05th6yx34","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I143868143"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I170215575","display_name":"National University of Defense Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05d2yfz11","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I170215575"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Miao Hu","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Electronic Engineering, Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Cyberspace Security Situation Awareness and Evaluation, National University of Defense Technology, Hefei, Anhui, China","College of Electronic Engineering, National University of Defense Technology, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0005-9691-4011","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Electronic Engineering, Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Cyberspace Security Situation Awareness and Evaluation, National University of Defense Technology, Hefei, Anhui, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I143868143"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Electronic Engineering, National University of Defense Technology, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I170215575"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Min Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6654-7610"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I143868143","display_name":"Anhui University","ror":"https://ror.org/05th6yx34","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I143868143"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I170215575","display_name":"National University of Defense Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05d2yfz11","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I170215575"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Min Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Electronic Engineering, Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Cyberspace Security Situation Awareness and Evaluation, National University of Defense Technology, Hefei, Anhui, China","College of Electronic Engineering, National University of Defense Technology, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6654-7610","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Electronic Engineering, Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Cyberspace Security Situation Awareness and Evaluation, National University of Defense Technology, Hefei, Anhui, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I143868143"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Electronic Engineering, National University of Defense Technology, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I170215575"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100331391","display_name":"Yuwei Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8878-510X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I143868143","display_name":"Anhui University","ror":"https://ror.org/05th6yx34","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I143868143"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I170215575","display_name":"National University of Defense Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05d2yfz11","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I170215575"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yuwei Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Electronic Engineering, Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Cyberspace Security Situation Awareness and Evaluation, National University of Defense Technology, Hefei, Anhui, China","College of Electronic Engineering, National University of Defense Technology, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8878-510X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Electronic Engineering, Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Cyberspace Security Situation Awareness and Evaluation, National University of Defense Technology, Hefei, Anhui, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I143868143"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Electronic Engineering, National University of Defense Technology, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I170215575"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5021521472","display_name":"Zhijie Xie","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0237-0702"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I143868143","display_name":"Anhui University","ror":"https://ror.org/05th6yx34","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I143868143"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I170215575","display_name":"National University of Defense Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05d2yfz11","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I170215575"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhijie Xie","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Electronic Engineering, Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Cyberspace Security Situation Awareness and Evaluation, National University of Defense Technology, Hefei, Anhui, China","College of Electronic Engineering, National University of Defense Technology, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0237-0702","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Electronic Engineering, Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Cyberspace Security Situation Awareness and Evaluation, National University of Defense Technology, Hefei, Anhui, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I143868143"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Electronic Engineering, National University of Defense Technology, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I170215575"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":7,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":2.7581,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":4,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.9141787,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":95,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"22","issue":"1","first_page":"34","last_page":"48"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14330","display_name":"Library Science and Information Systems","score":0.9485999941825867,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14330","display_name":"Library Science and Information Systems","score":0.9485999941825867,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/domain","display_name":"Domain (mathematical analysis)","score":0.5676157474517822},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.35441410541534424},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/business","display_name":"Business","score":0.3481331467628479},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering-ethics","display_name":"Engineering ethics","score":0.34670740365982056},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-science","display_name":"Data science","score":0.33490800857543945},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/knowledge-management","display_name":"Knowledge management","score":0.3333432078361511},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.1974097192287445},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.12116581201553345}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36503486","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11235244","display_name":"Domain (mathematical analysis)","level":2,"score":0.5676157474517822},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.35441410541534424},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.3481331467628479},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55587333","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1133029","display_name":"Engineering ethics","level":1,"score":0.34670740365982056},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2522767166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2374463","display_name":"Data science","level":1,"score":0.33490800857543945},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C56739046","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192060","display_name":"Knowledge management","level":1,"score":0.3333432078361511},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.1974097192287445},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.12116581201553345},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tdsc.2024.3386905","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tdsc.2024.3386905","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S133795288","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Dependable and Secure Computing","issn_l":"1545-5971","issn":["1545-5971","1941-0018","2160-9209"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320439","host_organization_name":"IEEE Computer Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320439","https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IEEE Computer Society","Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Dependable and Secure Computing","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/17","score":0.5,"display_name":"Partnerships for the goals"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":32,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1546563748","https://openalex.org/W1600184236","https://openalex.org/W1631722984","https://openalex.org/W1657640485","https://openalex.org/W1828150029","https://openalex.org/W1984816986","https://openalex.org/W1998843210","https://openalex.org/W2083055907","https://openalex.org/W2141554582","https://openalex.org/W2241634675","https://openalex.org/W2766742916","https://openalex.org/W2806944993","https://openalex.org/W2883994809","https://openalex.org/W2902942389","https://openalex.org/W2904027722","https://openalex.org/W2922040758","https://openalex.org/W2950260107","https://openalex.org/W2969671680","https://openalex.org/W2972760196","https://openalex.org/W2980676478","https://openalex.org/W2995641928","https://openalex.org/W3039927772","https://openalex.org/W3148501095","https://openalex.org/W4296880617","https://openalex.org/W4298869031","https://openalex.org/W4307020407","https://openalex.org/W6605293327","https://openalex.org/W6629960637","https://openalex.org/W6636783225","https://openalex.org/W6684503276","https://openalex.org/W6688098044","https://openalex.org/W6793993780"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4391375266","https://openalex.org/W2765153054","https://openalex.org/W325681004","https://openalex.org/W2596173151","https://openalex.org/W3213789065","https://openalex.org/W2162041136","https://openalex.org/W3080576469","https://openalex.org/W2344190797","https://openalex.org/W4231340554","https://openalex.org/W1491839574"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Internationalized":[0],"Domain":[1],"Names":[2],"(IDNs)":[3],"allow":[4],"users":[5],"to":[6,162],"access":[7],"the":[8,28,35,47,61,67,110,126,155,168],"internet":[9],"using":[10,39],"domain":[11,96],"names":[12],"in":[13,43,72,115,119,159],"their":[14],"native":[15],"languages.":[16],"This":[17],"technology":[18],"provides":[19,151],"significant":[20],"convenience":[21],"for":[22,147],"non-English":[23],"speaking":[24],"users.":[25],"However,":[26],"despite":[27],"widespread":[29],"acceptance":[30],"and":[31,65,77,99,113,166],"use":[32],"of":[33,60,70,133,157,170],"IDNs,":[34],"risks":[36],"associated":[37],"with":[38],"IDNs":[40,71,135,158],"remain":[41],"unclear":[42],"practice,":[44,160],"such":[45],"as":[46,85],"IDN":[48,62,81,111,127],"homograph":[49,63,128],"problem.":[50],"To":[51],"address":[52],"this":[53,137],"issue,":[54],"we":[55,75],"conduct":[56],"a":[57,89,163],"systematic":[58],"analysis":[59,82],"problem":[64,129],"explore":[66],"adoption":[68,156],"characteristics":[69],"practice.":[73],"Specifically,":[74],"design":[76],"implement":[78],"an":[79],"effective":[80],"framework,":[83],"named":[84],"IDNMon.":[86,105],"We":[87],"perform":[88],"large-scale":[90],"measurement":[91],"study":[92],"covering":[93],"863":[94],"top-level":[95],"zone":[97],"files":[98],"historical":[100],"top":[101],"lists":[102],"based":[103],"on":[104],"Our":[106,122,149],"findings":[107],"indicate":[108],"that":[109,118,125],"registration":[112],"usage":[114],"Europe":[116],"exceeds":[117],"East":[120],"Asia.":[121],"results":[123],"confirm":[124],"is":[130],"universal":[131],"(12.32%":[132],"2,623,161":[134],"face":[136],"problem),":[138],"which":[139],"raises":[140],"serious":[141],"challenges":[142],"when":[143],"designing":[144],"protection":[145],"strategies":[146],"browsers.":[148],"work":[150],"new":[152],"insights":[153],"into":[154],"contributes":[161],"better":[164],"understanding,":[165],"promotes":[167],"development":[169],"IDNs.":[171]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}