{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3210485385","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tdsc.2023.3348760","title":"vCNN: Verifiable Convolutional Neural Network Based on zk-SNARKs","display_name":"vCNN: Verifiable Convolutional Neural Network Based on zk-SNARKs","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3210485385","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tdsc.2023.3348760","mag":"3210485385"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tdsc.2023.3348760","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tdsc.2023.3348760","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S133795288","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Dependable and Secure Computing","issn_l":"1545-5971","issn":["1545-5971","1941-0018","2160-9209"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320439","host_organization_name":"IEEE Computer Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320439","https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IEEE Computer Society","Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Dependable and Secure Computing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101667010","display_name":"Seunghwa Lee","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7336-1817"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I110273157","display_name":"Kookmin University","ror":"https://ror.org/0049erg63","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I110273157"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Seunghwa Lee","raw_affiliation_strings":["Kookmin University, Seoul, South Korea"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7336-1817","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Kookmin University, Seoul, South Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I110273157"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5042657422","display_name":"Hankyung Ko","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9430-1768"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4575257","display_name":"Hanyang University","ror":"https://ror.org/046865y68","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4575257"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hankyung Ko","raw_affiliation_strings":["Hanyang University, Seoul, South Korea"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9430-1768","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Hanyang University, Seoul, South Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4575257"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100385015","display_name":"Jihye Kim","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2953-7883"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I110273157","display_name":"Kookmin University","ror":"https://ror.org/0049erg63","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I110273157"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jihye Kim","raw_affiliation_strings":["Kookmin University, Seoul, South Korea"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2953-7883","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Kookmin University, Seoul, South Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I110273157"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5028863978","display_name":"Hyunok Oh","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9044-7441"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4575257","display_name":"Hanyang University","ror":"https://ror.org/046865y68","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4575257"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hyunok Oh","raw_affiliation_strings":["Hanyang University, Seoul, South Korea"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9044-7441","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Hanyang University, Seoul, South Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4575257"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":18.9389,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":78,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99462454,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"21","issue":"4","first_page":"4254","last_page":"4270"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11689","display_name":"Adversarial Robustness in Machine Learning","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11689","display_name":"Adversarial Robustness in Machine Learning","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10036","display_name":"Advanced Neural Network Applications","score":0.9980999827384949,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10764","display_name":"Privacy-Preserving Technologies in Data","score":0.9937000274658203,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7439085245132446},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/convolutional-neural-network","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","score":0.7310053110122681},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/correctness","display_name":"Correctness","score":0.6608699560165405},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/verifiable-secret-sharing","display_name":"Verifiable secret sharing","score":0.6530182361602783},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mnist-database","display_name":"MNIST database","score":0.5607713460922241},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/theoretical-computer-science","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","score":0.5156506299972534},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/kernel","display_name":"Kernel (algebra)","score":0.5145782828330994},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/inference","display_name":"Inference","score":0.45295605063438416},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/convolution","display_name":"Convolution (computer science)","score":0.44601279497146606},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-neural-network","display_name":"Artificial neural network","score":0.44366422295570374},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/simple","display_name":"Simple (philosophy)","score":0.4413532018661499},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/argument","display_name":"Argument (complex analysis)","score":0.4383096992969513},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hol","display_name":"HOL","score":0.42119094729423523},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.34449124336242676},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/discrete-mathematics","display_name":"Discrete mathematics","score":0.33196431398391724},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.3144685924053192},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.2136366069316864},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/programming-language","display_name":"Programming language","score":0.15172183513641357}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7439085245132446},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81363708","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17084460","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","level":2,"score":0.7310053110122681},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55439883","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q360812","display_name":"Correctness","level":2,"score":0.6608699560165405},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C85847156","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q59015987","display_name":"Verifiable secret sharing","level":3,"score":0.6530182361602783},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C190502265","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17069496","display_name":"MNIST database","level":3,"score":0.5607713460922241},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C80444323","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2878974","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","level":1,"score":0.5156506299972534},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C74193536","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q574844","display_name":"Kernel (algebra)","level":2,"score":0.5145782828330994},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776214188","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q408386","display_name":"Inference","level":2,"score":0.45295605063438416},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C45347329","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5166604","display_name":"Convolution (computer science)","level":3,"score":0.44601279497146606},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.44366422295570374},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780586882","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7520643","display_name":"Simple (philosophy)","level":2,"score":0.4413532018661499},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98184364","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1780131","display_name":"Argument (complex analysis)","level":2,"score":0.4383096992969513},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17435882","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17030435","display_name":"HOL","level":2,"score":0.42119094729423523},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.34449124336242676},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118615104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q121416","display_name":"Discrete mathematics","level":1,"score":0.33196431398391724},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.3144685924053192},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.2136366069316864},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.15172183513641357},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111472728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9471","display_name":"Epistemology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177264268","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1514741","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55493867","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7094","display_name":"Biochemistry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tdsc.2023.3348760","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tdsc.2023.3348760","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S133795288","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Dependable and Secure Computing","issn_l":"1545-5971","issn":["1545-5971","1941-0018","2160-9209"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320439","host_organization_name":"IEEE Computer Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320439","https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IEEE Computer Society","Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Dependable and Secure Computing","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":37,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1686810756","https://openalex.org/W1885156594","https://openalex.org/W1970606468","https://openalex.org/W2043007983","https://openalex.org/W2049982182","https://openalex.org/W2112796928","https://openalex.org/W2144238522","https://openalex.org/W2146099890","https://openalex.org/W2252150191","https://openalex.org/W2435473771","https://openalex.org/W2618530766","https://openalex.org/W2759684853","https://openalex.org/W2794848620","https://openalex.org/W2805074088","https://openalex.org/W2883585522","https://openalex.org/W2889746123","https://openalex.org/W2948043589","https://openalex.org/W2973066190","https://openalex.org/W2985527074","https://openalex.org/W2989230924","https://openalex.org/W3113554767","https://openalex.org/W3209623239","https://openalex.org/W6600166115","https://openalex.org/W6601876578","https://openalex.org/W6628297953","https://openalex.org/W6637373629","https://openalex.org/W6638673520","https://openalex.org/W6639294578","https://openalex.org/W6639610839","https://openalex.org/W6640442106","https://openalex.org/W6640493459","https://openalex.org/W6685044006","https://openalex.org/W6723996667","https://openalex.org/W6740443968","https://openalex.org/W6748082217","https://openalex.org/W6753436395","https://openalex.org/W6768272241"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2585743557","https://openalex.org/W4386603768","https://openalex.org/W2950475743","https://openalex.org/W2886711096","https://openalex.org/W2750384547","https://openalex.org/W4380078352","https://openalex.org/W3046591097","https://openalex.org/W4389249638","https://openalex.org/W2733410219","https://openalex.org/W2734358244"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"It":[0],"is":[1,71,171],"becoming":[2],"important":[3],"for":[4,106,157,163],"the":[5,13,22,34,41,44,58,66,96,110,135,138,141,149,168],"client":[6,35],"to":[7,10,39,74,77,117,120],"be":[8,37,75],"able":[9,38],"check":[11,40],"whether":[12],"AI":[14,79],"inference":[15],"services":[16],"have":[17],"been":[18],"correctly":[19],"calculated.":[20],"Since":[21],"weight":[23,63],"values":[24],"in":[25,69,143],"a":[26,84,101,158],"CNN":[27],"model":[28],"are":[29],"assets":[30],"of":[31,43,53,113,126,137,167],"service":[32],"providers,":[33],"should":[36],"correctness":[42],"result":[45,59],"without":[46,60],"them.":[47],"The":[48,165],"Zero-knowledge":[49],"Succinct":[50],"Non-interactive":[51],"Argument":[52],"Knowledge":[54],"(zk-SNARK)":[55,128],"allows":[56],"verifying":[57],"input":[61],"and":[62,132,140,161],"values.":[64],"However,":[65],"proving":[67,97,111,153],"time":[68],"zk-SNARK":[70],"too":[72],"slow":[73],"applied":[76],"real":[78],"applications.":[80],"This":[81],"article":[82],"proposes":[83],"new":[85,102],"efficient":[86,103],"verifiable":[87],"convolutional":[88],"neural":[89],"network":[90],"(vCNN)":[91],"framework":[92],"that":[93,148],"greatly":[94],"accelerates":[95],"performance.":[98],"We":[99],"introduce":[100],"relation":[104],"representation":[105],"convolution":[107,114],"equations,":[108],"reducing":[109],"complexity":[112],"from":[115],"O(ln)":[116],"O(l+n)":[118],"compared":[119],"existing":[121],"zero-knowledge":[122],"succinct":[123],"non-interactive":[124],"argument":[125],"knowledge":[127],"approaches,":[129],"where":[130],"l":[131],"n":[133],"denote":[134],"size":[136],"kernel":[139],"data":[142],"CNNs.":[144],"Experimental":[145],"results":[146],"show":[147],"proposed":[150,169],"vCNN":[151],"improves":[152],"performance":[154],"by":[155],"20-fold":[156],"simple":[159],"MNIST":[160],"18,000-fold":[162],"VGG16.":[164],"security":[166],"scheme":[170],"formally":[172],"proven.":[173]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":35},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":19},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}