{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4389370822","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tdsc.2023.3339802","title":"TextCheater: A Query-Efficient Textual Adversarial Attack in the Hard-Label Setting","display_name":"TextCheater: A Query-Efficient Textual Adversarial Attack in the Hard-Label Setting","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-12-06","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4389370822","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tdsc.2023.3339802"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tdsc.2023.3339802","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tdsc.2023.3339802","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S133795288","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Dependable and Secure Computing","issn_l":"1545-5971","issn":["1545-5971","1941-0018","2160-9209"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320439","host_organization_name":"IEEE Computer Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320439","https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IEEE Computer Society","Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Dependable and Secure Computing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5048469338","display_name":"Hao Peng","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0586-7132"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I135237710","display_name":"Zhejiang Normal University","ror":"https://ror.org/01vevwk45","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I135237710"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hao Peng","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Computer Science and Technology, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0586-7132","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Computer Science and Technology, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I135237710"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5008919981","display_name":"Shixin Guo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0003-1763-5221"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I135237710","display_name":"Zhejiang Normal University","ror":"https://ror.org/01vevwk45","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I135237710"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shixin Guo","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Computer Science and Technology, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0003-1763-5221","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Computer Science and Technology, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I135237710"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5045729467","display_name":"Dandan Zhao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9375-2997"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I135237710","display_name":"Zhejiang Normal University","ror":"https://ror.org/01vevwk45","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I135237710"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Dandan Zhao","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Computer Science and Technology, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9375-2997","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Computer Science and Technology, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I135237710"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101722406","display_name":"Xuhong Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8571-9780"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I76130692","display_name":"Zhejiang University","ror":"https://ror.org/00a2xv884","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I76130692"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xuhong Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Cyberspace Research, College of Computer Science and Technology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China","Institute of Cyberspace Research and the College of Computer Science and Technology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8571-9780","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Cyberspace Research, College of Computer Science and Technology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76130692"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Cyberspace Research and the College of Computer Science and Technology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76130692"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5069521016","display_name":"Jianmin Han","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4053-8409"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I135237710","display_name":"Zhejiang Normal University","ror":"https://ror.org/01vevwk45","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I135237710"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jianmin Han","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Computer Science and Technology, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4053-8409","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Computer Science and Technology, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I135237710"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5058611515","display_name":"Shouling Ji","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4268-372X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I130701444","display_name":"Georgia Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01zkghx44","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I130701444"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I76130692","display_name":"Zhejiang University","ror":"https://ror.org/00a2xv884","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I76130692"]}],"countries":["CN","US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shouling Ji","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Cyberspace Research, College of Computer Science and Technology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China","Institute of Cyberspace Research and the College of Computer Science and Technology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China","School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4268-372X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Cyberspace Research, College of Computer Science and Technology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76130692"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Cyberspace Research and the College of Computer Science and Technology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76130692"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I130701444"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5050109299","display_name":"Xing Yang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8824-1356"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I170215575","display_name":"National University of Defense Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05d2yfz11","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I170215575"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xing Yang","raw_affiliation_strings":["State Key Laboratory of Pulsed Power Laser Technology, and Electronic Engineering Institute, National University of Defense Technology, Hefei, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8824-1356","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Pulsed Power Laser Technology, and Electronic Engineering Institute, National University of Defense Technology, Hefei, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I170215575"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5073799589","display_name":"Ming Zhong","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9132-3782"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I135237710","display_name":"Zhejiang Normal University","ror":"https://ror.org/01vevwk45","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I135237710"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ming Zhong","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Computer Science and Technology, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9132-3782","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Computer Science and Technology, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I135237710"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.3103,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":10,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.84195305,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"21","issue":"4","first_page":"3901","last_page":"3916"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11689","display_name":"Adversarial Robustness in Machine Learning","score":0.998199999332428,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11689","display_name":"Adversarial Robustness in Machine Learning","score":0.998199999332428,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10028","display_name":"Topic Modeling","score":0.9926000237464905,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12262","display_name":"Hate Speech and Cyberbullying Detection","score":0.9868999719619751,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8654136657714844},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/adversarial-system","display_name":"Adversarial system","score":0.7890496253967285},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/adversary","display_name":"Adversary","score":0.5903675556182861},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/initialization","display_name":"Initialization","score":0.5353520512580872},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.5247992277145386},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.5029787421226501},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/language-model","display_name":"Language model","score":0.47509515285491943},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/robustness","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","score":0.44492650032043457},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/benchmark","display_name":"Benchmark (surveying)","score":0.42749032378196716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-mining","display_name":"Data mining","score":0.3292950391769409},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.09384903311729431}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8654136657714844},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C37736160","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1801315","display_name":"Adversarial system","level":2,"score":0.7890496253967285},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41065033","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2825412","display_name":"Adversary","level":2,"score":0.5903675556182861},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C114466953","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6034165","display_name":"Initialization","level":2,"score":0.5353520512580872},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5247992277145386},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.5029787421226501},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C137293760","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3621696","display_name":"Language model","level":2,"score":0.47509515285491943},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C63479239","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7353546","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","level":3,"score":0.44492650032043457},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185798385","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1161707","display_name":"Benchmark (surveying)","level":2,"score":0.42749032378196716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.3292950391769409},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.09384903311729431},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104317684","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7187","display_name":"Gene","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55493867","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7094","display_name":"Biochemistry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C13280743","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131089","display_name":"Geodesy","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tdsc.2023.3339802","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tdsc.2023.3339802","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S133795288","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Dependable and Secure Computing","issn_l":"1545-5971","issn":["1545-5971","1941-0018","2160-9209"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320439","host_organization_name":"IEEE Computer Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320439","https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IEEE Computer Society","Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Dependable and Secure Computing","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.41999998688697815,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","display_name":"Quality Education"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2883733738","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"61702148","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3042469475","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62072412","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3125360557","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"61902359","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4304715481","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"AGK2018001","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320330184","funder_display_name":"Shanghai Key Laboratory of Integrated Administration Technologies for Information Security"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7958658026","display_name":"\u57fa\u4e8e\u5206\u89e3\u6280\u672f\u7684LBS\u9690\u79c1\u4fdd\u62a4\u65b9\u6cd5\u7814\u7a76","funder_award_id":"61672468","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320330184","display_name":"Shanghai Key Laboratory of Integrated Administration Technologies for Information Security","ror":null}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":51,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1832693441","https://openalex.org/W1840435438","https://openalex.org/W1971129545","https://openalex.org/W2064675550","https://openalex.org/W2084792706","https://openalex.org/W2163455955","https://openalex.org/W2563351168","https://openalex.org/W2799194071","https://openalex.org/W2896457183","https://openalex.org/W2905526464","https://openalex.org/W2917779306","https://openalex.org/W2929459952","https://openalex.org/W2949128310","https://openalex.org/W2962718684","https://openalex.org/W2962818281","https://openalex.org/W2963070423","https://openalex.org/W2963626623","https://openalex.org/W2963834268","https://openalex.org/W2963846996","https://openalex.org/W2963859254","https://openalex.org/W2964232431","https://openalex.org/W2965373594","https://openalex.org/W2988194011","https://openalex.org/W2996851481","https://openalex.org/W3013520104","https://openalex.org/W3014153848","https://openalex.org/W3015001695","https://openalex.org/W3015625436","https://openalex.org/W3034892461","https://openalex.org/W3035736465","https://openalex.org/W3084992427","https://openalex.org/W3101449015","https://openalex.org/W3105604018","https://openalex.org/W3117433489","https://openalex.org/W3169948074","https://openalex.org/W3173859330","https://openalex.org/W4283811884","https://openalex.org/W4288953700","https://openalex.org/W4290944423","https://openalex.org/W6637162671","https://openalex.org/W6640425456","https://openalex.org/W6676984168","https://openalex.org/W6685053522","https://openalex.org/W6691459498","https://openalex.org/W6728812918","https://openalex.org/W6731031554","https://openalex.org/W6745847742","https://openalex.org/W6746608116","https://openalex.org/W6752876022","https://openalex.org/W6752985256","https://openalex.org/W6766673545"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2502115930","https://openalex.org/W3204184292","https://openalex.org/W3176564347","https://openalex.org/W4320018150","https://openalex.org/W4386821099","https://openalex.org/W4239582170","https://openalex.org/W2918664383","https://openalex.org/W106056076","https://openalex.org/W4320855730","https://openalex.org/W2135200719"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Designing":[0],"a":[1,16,62,74,81,111],"query-efficient":[2,82],"attack":[3,85,185,189],"strategy":[4],"to":[5,103,118],"generate":[6],"high-quality":[7],"adversarial":[8,32,84,156,180],"examples":[9,33],"under":[10],"the":[11,42,47,105,142,172,188,199],"hard-label":[12],"black-box":[13],"setting":[14],"is":[15],"fundamental":[17],"yet":[18],"challenging":[19],"problem,":[20],"especially":[21],"in":[22,187],"natural":[23],"language":[24,121],"processing":[25],"(NLP).":[26],"The":[27,91,165],"process":[28,107],"of":[29,46,65,93,174,193],"searching":[30],"for":[31,60,177],"has":[34],"many":[35],"uncertainties":[36],"(e.g.,":[37],"an":[38],"unknown":[39],"impact":[40],"on":[41,158],"target":[43],"model's":[44],"prediction":[45],"added":[48],"perturbation)":[49],"when":[50],"confidence":[51],"scores":[52],"cannot":[53],"be":[54,58],"accessed,":[55],"which":[56],"must":[57],"compensated":[59],"with":[61],"large":[63],"number":[64,173],"queries.":[66],"To":[67],"address":[68],"this":[69],"issue,":[70],"we":[71,140],"propose":[72],"TextCheater,":[73],"decision-based":[75],"metaheuristic":[76],"search":[77,99,106],"method":[78,170],"that":[79,151,168],"performs":[80],"textual":[83],"task":[86],"by":[87,155],"prohibiting":[88],"invalid":[89],"searches.":[90],"strategies":[92],"multiple":[94],"initialization":[95],"points":[96],"and":[97,126,132,149,161,196,202],"Tabu":[98],"are":[100],"also":[101],"introduced":[102],"keep":[104],"from":[108],"falling":[109],"into":[110],"local":[112],"optimum.":[113],"We":[114],"apply":[115],"our":[116,169],"approach":[117],"three":[119],"state-of-the-art":[120],"models":[122,150],"(i.e.,":[123],"BERT,":[124],"wordLSTM,":[125],"wordCNN)":[127],"across":[128],"six":[129],"benchmark":[130],"datasets":[131],"eight":[133],"real-world":[134],"commercial":[135],"sentiment":[136],"analysis":[137],"platforms/models.":[138],"Furthermore,":[139],"evaluate":[141],"Robustly":[143],"optimized":[144],"BERT":[145],"pretraining":[146],"Approach":[147],"(RoBERTa)":[148],"enhance":[152],"their":[153],"robustness":[154],"training":[157],"toxicity":[159],"detection":[160],"text":[162,181,201],"classification":[163],"tasks.":[164],"results":[166],"demonstrate":[167],"minimizes":[171],"queries":[175],"required":[176],"crafting":[178],"plausible":[179],"while":[182],"outperforming":[183],"existing":[184],"methods":[186],"success":[190],"rate,":[191],"fluency":[192],"output":[194],"sentences,":[195],"similarity":[197],"between":[198],"original":[200],"its":[203],"adversary.":[204]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-07-28T07:46:37.118299","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
