{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4389065347","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tdsc.2023.3336717","title":"Ligerolight: Optimized IOP-Based Zero-Knowledge Argument for Blockchain Scalability","display_name":"Ligerolight: Optimized IOP-Based Zero-Knowledge Argument for Blockchain Scalability","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-11-27","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4389065347","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tdsc.2023.3336717"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tdsc.2023.3336717","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tdsc.2023.3336717","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S133795288","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Dependable and Secure Computing","issn_l":"1545-5971","issn":["1545-5971","1941-0018","2160-9209"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320439","host_organization_name":"IEEE Computer Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320439","https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IEEE Computer Society","Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Dependable and Secure Computing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5016368463","display_name":"Zongyang Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1358-4933"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I82880672","display_name":"Beihang University","ror":"https://ror.org/00wk2mp56","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I82880672"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zongyang Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Cyber Science and Technology, Beihang University, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1358-4933","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Cyber Science and Technology, Beihang University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I82880672"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5022279367","display_name":"Weihan Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2846-593X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I82880672","display_name":"Beihang University","ror":"https://ror.org/00wk2mp56","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I82880672"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Weihan Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Cyber Science and Technology, Beihang University, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2846-593X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Cyber Science and Technology, Beihang University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I82880672"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5058120371","display_name":"Ximeng Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4238-3295"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I80947539","display_name":"Fuzhou University","ror":"https://ror.org/011xvna82","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I80947539"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ximeng Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Mathematics and Computer Science, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4238-3295","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Mathematics and Computer Science, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I80947539"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5103166258","display_name":"Xin Chen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0009-6530-0710"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I82880672","display_name":"Beihang University","ror":"https://ror.org/00wk2mp56","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I82880672"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xin Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Cyber Science and Technology, Beihang University, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0009-6530-0710","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Cyber Science and Technology, Beihang University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I82880672"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5000306626","display_name":"Qihang Peng","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0004-1895-6147"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I82880672","display_name":"Beihang University","ror":"https://ror.org/00wk2mp56","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I82880672"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Qihang Peng","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Mathematics and System Science, Beihang University, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0004-1895-6147","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Mathematics and System Science, Beihang University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I82880672"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.1922,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":9,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.82930943,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"21","issue":"4","first_page":"3656","last_page":"3670"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10237","display_name":"Cryptography and Data Security","score":0.9951000213623047,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10237","display_name":"Cryptography and Data Security","score":0.9951000213623047,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10270","display_name":"Blockchain Technology Applications and Security","score":0.9610999822616577,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/zero-knowledge-proof","display_name":"Zero-knowledge proof","score":0.8698567152023315},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gas-meter-prover","display_name":"Gas meter prover","score":0.8029417991638184},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7668747901916504},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scalability","display_name":"Scalability","score":0.7459254264831543},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/theoretical-computer-science","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","score":0.4639211893081665},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematical-proof","display_name":"Mathematical proof","score":0.39266476035118103},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.34555763006210327},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cryptography","display_name":"Cryptography","score":0.33448413014411926},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.19945064187049866}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C176329583","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q191943","display_name":"Zero-knowledge proof","level":3,"score":0.8698567152023315},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159718280","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5526353","display_name":"Gas meter prover","level":3,"score":0.8029417991638184},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7668747901916504},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48044578","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q727490","display_name":"Scalability","level":2,"score":0.7459254264831543},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C80444323","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2878974","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","level":1,"score":0.4639211893081665},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108710211","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11538","display_name":"Mathematical proof","level":2,"score":0.39266476035118103},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.34555763006210327},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C178489894","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8789","display_name":"Cryptography","level":2,"score":0.33448413014411926},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.19945064187049866},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77088390","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8513","display_name":"Database","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tdsc.2023.3336717","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tdsc.2023.3336717","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S133795288","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Dependable and Secure Computing","issn_l":"1545-5971","issn":["1545-5971","1941-0018","2160-9209"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320439","host_organization_name":"IEEE Computer Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320439","https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IEEE Computer Society","Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Dependable and Secure Computing","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2928387536","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62372020","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3522442373","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"L222050","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322919","funder_display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of Beijing Municipality"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3695564058","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"72031001","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6561247313","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"YWF-23-L-1032","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335787","funder_display_name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7630368258","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"M22038","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322919","funder_display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of Beijing Municipality"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8334197915","display_name":"\u5b89\u5168\u53ef\u6269\u5c55\u53ef\u63d2\u62d4\u533a\u5757\u94fe\u5171\u8bc6\u673a\u5236\u7814\u7a76","funder_award_id":"61972017","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322919","display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of Beijing Municipality","ror":null},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335787","display_name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities","ror":null}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2950202488","https://openalex.org/W2604424424","https://openalex.org/W2149634854","https://openalex.org/W4400642643","https://openalex.org/W2954326042","https://openalex.org/W4402530505","https://openalex.org/W2562305209","https://openalex.org/W3030245161","https://openalex.org/W1970588133","https://openalex.org/W1567449721"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Zero-knowledge":[0],"scalable":[1],"transparent":[2],"arguments":[3],"of":[4,59,107,121,191],"knowledge":[5],"(zk-STARKs)":[6],"are":[7,37],"a":[8,108,141,161],"promising":[9],"approach":[10],"to":[11,99,149],"solving":[12],"the":[13,51,57],"blockchain":[14,78],"scalability":[15,34,196],"problem":[16,55],"while":[17],"maintaining":[18],"security,":[19],"decentralization":[20],"and":[21,64,123,170,188],"privacy.":[22],"However,":[23],"compared":[24,87],"with":[25,28,88,111,166],"zero-knowledge":[26,144],"proofs":[27],"trusted":[29],"setups":[30],"deployed":[31],"in":[32,182,194],"existing":[33,89],"solutions,":[35],"zk-STARKs":[36],"usually":[38],"less":[39],"efficient.":[40],"In":[41],"this":[42,157],"paper,":[43],"we":[44,159],"introduce":[45],"Ligerolight,":[46],"an":[47,104],"optimized":[48],"zk-STARK":[49],"for":[50,77,102],"arithmetic":[52],"circuit":[53],"satisfiability":[54],"following":[56],"framework":[58],"Ligero":[60,122],"(ACM":[61],"CCS":[62],"2017)":[63],"Aurora":[65,98],"(Eurocrypt":[66],"2019)":[67],"based":[68],"on":[69],"interactive":[70],"oracle":[71],"proof,":[72],"which":[73],"could":[74],"be":[75,190],"used":[76],"scalability.":[79],"Evaluations":[80],"show":[81],"that":[82],"Ligerolight":[83,139],"has":[84],"performance":[85],"advantages":[86],"zk-STARKs.":[90],"The":[91,114,128],"prover":[92],"time":[93,130],"is":[94,117,131,140,175],"30%":[95],"faster":[96],"than":[97,126],"generate":[100],"proof":[101,115],"computing":[103],"authentication":[105],"path":[106],"Merkle":[109],"tree":[110],"32":[112],"leaves.":[113],"size":[116],"about":[118],"131KB,":[119],"one-tenth":[120],"50%":[124],"smaller":[125],"Aurora.":[127,137],"verifier":[129],"2":[132],"times":[133],"as":[134,136],"fast":[135],"Underlying":[138],"new":[142],"batch":[143,162],"inner":[145,152],"product":[146,153],"argument,":[147,158],"allowing":[148],"prove":[150],"multiple":[151,180,183],"relations":[154],"once.":[155],"Using":[156],"build":[160],"multivariate":[163],"polynomial":[164,173],"commitment":[165,174],"poly-logarithmic":[167],"communication":[168],"complexity":[169],"verification.":[171],"This":[172],"particularly":[176],"efficient":[177],"when":[178],"opening":[179],"points":[181],"polynomials":[184],"at":[185],"one":[186],"time,":[187],"may":[189],"independent":[192],"interest":[193],"constructing":[195],"solutions.":[197]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":4}],"updated_date":"2026-07-15T18:14:33.161393","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
