{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4388819570","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tdsc.2023.3334197","title":"FairECom: Towards Proof of E-Commerce Fairness Against Price Discrimination","display_name":"FairECom: Towards Proof of E-Commerce Fairness Against Price Discrimination","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-11-20","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4388819570","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tdsc.2023.3334197"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tdsc.2023.3334197","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tdsc.2023.3334197","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S133795288","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Dependable and Secure Computing","issn_l":"1545-5971","issn":["1545-5971","1941-0018","2160-9209"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320439","host_organization_name":"IEEE Computer Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320439","https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IEEE Computer Society","Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Dependable and Secure Computing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5059081394","display_name":"Tao Jiang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6900-7305"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I149594827","display_name":"Xidian University","ror":"https://ror.org/05s92vm98","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tao Jiang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Cyber Engineering, Xidian University, Xi’an, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6900-7305","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Cyber Engineering, Xidian University, Xi’an, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5061718239","display_name":"Xu Yuan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3775-3033"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I86501945","display_name":"University of Delaware","ror":"https://ror.org/01sbq1a82","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I86501945"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xu Yuan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer and Information Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3775-3033","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer and Information Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I86501945"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5115501039","display_name":"Cheng Qiong","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I149594827","display_name":"Xidian University","ror":"https://ror.org/05s92vm98","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Qiong Cheng","raw_affiliation_strings":["Guangzhou Institute of Technology, Xidian University, Guangzhou, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0008-5885-6449","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Guangzhou Institute of Technology, Xidian University, Guangzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5043356063","display_name":"Yulong Shen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8448-705X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I149594827","display_name":"Xidian University","ror":"https://ror.org/05s92vm98","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yulong Shen","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science and Technology, Xidian University, Xi’an, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8448-705X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science and Technology, Xidian University, Xi’an, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5017914641","display_name":"Liangmin Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0048-5979"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I76569877","display_name":"Southeast University","ror":"https://ror.org/04ct4d772","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I76569877"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Liangmin Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Cyber Science and Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0048-5979","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Cyber Science and Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76569877"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5012016098","display_name":"Jianfeng Ma","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4251-1143"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I149594827","display_name":"Xidian University","ror":"https://ror.org/05s92vm98","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jianfeng Ma","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Cyber Engineering, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Network and System Security, Xidian University, Xi’an, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4251-1143","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Cyber Engineering, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Network and System Security, Xidian University, Xi’an, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.4314,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.70672994,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":95,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"21","issue":"4","first_page":"3528","last_page":"3544"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10270","display_name":"Blockchain Technology Applications and Security","score":0.9936000108718872,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10270","display_name":"Blockchain Technology Applications and Security","score":0.9936000108718872,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11598","display_name":"Internet Traffic Analysis and Secure E-voting","score":0.9771999716758728,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11437","display_name":"Digital Platforms and Economics","score":0.9661999940872192,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1408","display_name":"Strategy and Management"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/14","display_name":"Business, Management and Accounting"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.667695939540863},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6576766967773438},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/leverage","display_name":"Leverage (statistics)","score":0.602672815322876},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/payment","display_name":"Payment","score":0.5566132664680481},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/price-discrimination","display_name":"Price discrimination","score":0.545914888381958},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transparency","display_name":"Transparency (behavior)","score":0.5312414169311523},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/service-provider","display_name":"Service provider","score":0.5063356161117554},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cryptography","display_name":"Cryptography","score":0.48209241032600403},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/audit","display_name":"Audit","score":0.43930450081825256},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/product","display_name":"Product (mathematics)","score":0.43459275364875793},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/internet-privacy","display_name":"Internet privacy","score":0.40108537673950195},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/service","display_name":"Service (business)","score":0.38258716464042664},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/business","display_name":"Business","score":0.35741573572158813},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/world-wide-web","display_name":"World Wide Web","score":0.17189118266105652},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/marketing","display_name":"Marketing","score":0.16973623633384705},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/accounting","display_name":"Accounting","score":0.14809316396713257},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.11334380507469177}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.667695939540863},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6576766967773438},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153083717","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6535263","display_name":"Leverage (statistics)","level":2,"score":0.602672815322876},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C145097563","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1148747","display_name":"Payment","level":2,"score":0.5566132664680481},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C101472132","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q835678","display_name":"Price discrimination","level":2,"score":0.545914888381958},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780233690","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q535347","display_name":"Transparency (behavior)","level":2,"score":0.5312414169311523},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C116537","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2169973","display_name":"Service provider","level":3,"score":0.5063356161117554},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C178489894","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8789","display_name":"Cryptography","level":2,"score":0.48209241032600403},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199521495","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q181487","display_name":"Audit","level":2,"score":0.43930450081825256},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C90673727","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q901718","display_name":"Product (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.43459275364875793},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108827166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q175975","display_name":"Internet privacy","level":1,"score":0.40108537673950195},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780378061","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25351891","display_name":"Service (business)","level":2,"score":0.38258716464042664},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.35741573572158813},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136764020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466","display_name":"World Wide Web","level":1,"score":0.17189118266105652},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162853370","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q39809","display_name":"Marketing","level":1,"score":0.16973623633384705},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121955636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4116214","display_name":"Accounting","level":1,"score":0.14809316396713257},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.11334380507469177},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tdsc.2023.3334197","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tdsc.2023.3334197","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S133795288","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Dependable and Secure Computing","issn_l":"1545-5971","issn":["1545-5971","1941-0018","2160-9209"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320439","host_organization_name":"IEEE Computer Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320439","https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IEEE Computer Society","Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Dependable and Secure Computing","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Reduced inequalities","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/10","score":0.5699999928474426}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3983058117","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2022KXJ-093","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320336350","funder_display_name":"Key Research and Development Projects of Shaanxi Province"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4328264082","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"92267204","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G458531897","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"ZYTS23162","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335787","funder_display_name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5767509517","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62220106004","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8108808713","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2021ZDLGY07-05","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320336350","funder_display_name":"Key Research and Development Projects of Shaanxi Province"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335787","display_name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities","ror":null},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320336350","display_name":"Key Research and Development Projects of Shaanxi Province","ror":null}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3081288631","https://openalex.org/W3152382318","https://openalex.org/W3004686567","https://openalex.org/W2738656338","https://openalex.org/W2603787370","https://openalex.org/W2555400967","https://openalex.org/W3214759741","https://openalex.org/W3174876210","https://openalex.org/W2388458847","https://openalex.org/W3126697728"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Price":[0],"discrimination":[1,73],"has":[2],"been":[3],"empirically":[4],"exposed":[5],"where":[6],"e-commercial":[7,183],"platforms":[8],"aim":[9],"to":[10,40,45,57,62,69,108,122,127,132,157,181],"gain":[11],"additional":[12],"profits":[13],"by":[14,74,173],"charging":[15],"customers":[16,111,134],"with":[17,169],"different":[18],"prices":[19],"for":[20,37,55,82,140],"the":[21,35,47,142,159,182],"same":[22],"product/service.":[23],"This":[24,66],"situation":[25],"becomes":[26],"even":[27],"worse":[28],"in":[29],"nowadays\u2019":[30],"Big":[31],"Data":[32],"era,":[33],"giving":[34],"chance":[36],"service":[38],"providers":[39],"leverage":[41],"artificial":[42],"intelligence":[43],"technologies":[44],"have":[46],"deep":[48],"analysis":[49],"of":[50],"personalized":[51],"patterns,":[52],"urgently":[53],"calling":[54],"solutions":[56],"prevent":[58],"such":[59],"discriminated":[60],"behaviors":[61],"protect":[63],"customers\u2019":[64],"rights.":[65],"article":[67],"aims":[68],"defend":[70],"against":[71,145],"price":[72,114,143],"developing":[75],"a":[76,86,103,120,128,136,149],"secure":[77],"and":[78,91,175],"privacy-preserving":[79,137],"solution,":[80],"provable":[81],"e-commerce":[83],"fairness.":[84],"Using":[85],"newly":[87],"designed":[88],"cryptographic":[89],"accumulator":[90],"public":[92,154],"bulletin":[93,155],"board,":[94],"our":[95],"system,":[96],"called":[97],"FairECom,":[98],"allows":[99],"an":[100,152],"auditor":[101],"(i.e.,":[102],"customer":[104,121],"or":[105],"third-party":[106],"auditor)":[107],"verify":[109],"if":[110,124],"are":[112],"experiencing":[113],"discrimination.":[115,146],"In":[116],"particular,":[117],"FairECom":[118,166],"enables":[119],"check":[123],"his":[125],"payment":[126],"product/service":[129],"is":[130],"identical":[131],"other":[133],"through":[135],"challenge-response":[138],"protocol,":[139],"implementing":[141],"transparency":[144],"We":[147],"implement":[148],"prototype":[150],"using":[151],"Ethereum-based":[153],"board":[156],"conduct":[158],"system":[160],"evaluation.":[161],"Our":[162],"evaluation":[163],"indicates":[164],"that":[165],"can":[167],"integrate":[168],"existing":[170],"APIs":[171],"provided":[172],"Ethereum":[174],"incur":[176],"acceptable":[177],"costs":[178],"when":[179],"deploying":[180],"systems.":[184]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}