{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4387068217","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tdsc.2023.3319500","title":"PrivacyProber: Assessment and Detection of Soft\u2013Biometric Privacy\u2013Enhancing Techniques","display_name":"PrivacyProber: Assessment and Detection of Soft\u2013Biometric Privacy\u2013Enhancing Techniques","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-09-26","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4387068217","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tdsc.2023.3319500"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tdsc.2023.3319500","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tdsc.2023.3319500","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/8858/4358699/10264192.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S133795288","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Dependable and Secure Computing","issn_l":"1545-5971","issn":["1545-5971","1941-0018","2160-9209"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320439","host_organization_name":"IEEE Computer Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320439","https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IEEE Computer Society","Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Dependable and Secure Computing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/8858/4358699/10264192.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5011019501","display_name":"Peter Rot","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4491-2744"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I153976015","display_name":"University of Ljubljana","ror":"https://ror.org/05njb9z20","country_code":"SI","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I153976015"]}],"countries":["SI"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Peter Rot","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I153976015"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5009780279","display_name":"Klemen Grm","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3637-8182"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I153976015","display_name":"University of Ljubljana","ror":"https://ror.org/05njb9z20","country_code":"SI","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I153976015"]}],"countries":["SI"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Klemen Grm","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia","University of Ljubljana, Slovenia"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I153976015"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Ljubljana, Slovenia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I153976015"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5027730478","display_name":"Peter Peer","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9744-4035"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I153976015","display_name":"University of Ljubljana","ror":"https://ror.org/05njb9z20","country_code":"SI","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I153976015"]}],"countries":["SI"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Peter Peer","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia","University of Ljubljana, Slovenia"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I153976015"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Ljubljana, Slovenia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I153976015"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5038322250","display_name":"Vitomir \u0160truc","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3385-5780"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I153976015","display_name":"University of Ljubljana","ror":"https://ror.org/05njb9z20","country_code":"SI","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I153976015"]}],"countries":["SI"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Vitomir \u0160truc","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia","University of Ljubljana, Slovenia"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I153976015"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Ljubljana, Slovenia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I153976015"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5011019501"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I153976015"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.1069,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":12,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.80135997,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"21","issue":"4","first_page":"2869","last_page":"2887"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11448","display_name":"Face recognition and analysis","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11448","display_name":"Face recognition and analysis","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10828","display_name":"Biometric Identification and Security","score":0.9994000196456909,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11689","display_name":"Adversarial Robustness in Machine Learning","score":0.989300012588501,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/biometrics","display_name":"Biometrics","score":0.8445074558258057},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8191200494766235},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/robustness","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","score":0.7337280511856079},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/information-privacy","display_name":"Information privacy","score":0.5453712940216064},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/facial-recognition-system","display_name":"Facial recognition system","score":0.4615499973297119},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.4434281289577484},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/adversarial-system","display_name":"Adversarial system","score":0.44151875376701355},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.40386414527893066},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.39173540472984314},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-mining","display_name":"Data mining","score":0.3458937108516693},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/internet-privacy","display_name":"Internet privacy","score":0.3349109888076782},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature-extraction","display_name":"Feature extraction","score":0.3318886160850525}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C184297639","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q177765","display_name":"Biometrics","level":2,"score":0.8445074558258057},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8191200494766235},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C63479239","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7353546","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","level":3,"score":0.7337280511856079},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C123201435","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q456632","display_name":"Information privacy","level":2,"score":0.5453712940216064},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31510193","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1192553","display_name":"Facial recognition system","level":3,"score":0.4615499973297119},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.4434281289577484},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C37736160","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1801315","display_name":"Adversarial system","level":2,"score":0.44151875376701355},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.40386414527893066},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.39173540472984314},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.3458937108516693},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108827166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q175975","display_name":"Internet privacy","level":1,"score":0.3349109888076782},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C52622490","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1026626","display_name":"Feature extraction","level":2,"score":0.3318886160850525},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55493867","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7094","display_name":"Biochemistry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104317684","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7187","display_name":"Gene","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tdsc.2023.3319500","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tdsc.2023.3319500","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/8858/4358699/10264192.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S133795288","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Dependable and Secure Computing","issn_l":"1545-5971","issn":["1545-5971","1941-0018","2160-9209"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320439","host_organization_name":"IEEE Computer Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320439","https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IEEE Computer Society","Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Dependable and Secure Computing","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tdsc.2023.3319500","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tdsc.2023.3319500","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/8858/4358699/10264192.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S133795288","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Dependable and Secure Computing","issn_l":"1545-5971","issn":["1545-5971","1941-0018","2160-9209"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320439","host_organization_name":"IEEE Computer Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320439","https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IEEE Computer Society","Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Dependable and Secure Computing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4387068217.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4387068217.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":69,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W297909767","https://openalex.org/W1139204857","https://openalex.org/W1965804146","https://openalex.org/W2057047227","https://openalex.org/W2065809024","https://openalex.org/W2108598243","https://openalex.org/W2131686571","https://openalex.org/W2416918403","https://openalex.org/W2440214111","https://openalex.org/W2518260411","https://openalex.org/W2556068545","https://openalex.org/W2610200611","https://openalex.org/W2622255369","https://openalex.org/W2630837129","https://openalex.org/W2744999500","https://openalex.org/W2766188896","https://openalex.org/W2774018344","https://openalex.org/W2785486371","https://openalex.org/W2798868324","https://openalex.org/W2807403593","https://openalex.org/W2886610278","https://openalex.org/W2893554781","https://openalex.org/W2904419556","https://openalex.org/W2916903408","https://openalex.org/W2930249865","https://openalex.org/W2940762195","https://openalex.org/W2947709300","https://openalex.org/W2953522645","https://openalex.org/W2963257145","https://openalex.org/W2963839617","https://openalex.org/W2963857521","https://openalex.org/W2963979376","https://openalex.org/W2970327070","https://openalex.org/W2970534682","https://openalex.org/W2974383094","https://openalex.org/W2983498217","https://openalex.org/W2997170888","https://openalex.org/W3001208429","https://openalex.org/W3001906049","https://openalex.org/W3006613946","https://openalex.org/W3024684616","https://openalex.org/W3024732032","https://openalex.org/W3034521057","https://openalex.org/W3044129898","https://openalex.org/W3048511172","https://openalex.org/W3087732768","https://openalex.org/W3088570020","https://openalex.org/W3091059919","https://openalex.org/W3093325368","https://openalex.org/W3094138310","https://openalex.org/W3100167649","https://openalex.org/W3101202235","https://openalex.org/W3103008424","https://openalex.org/W3127018026","https://openalex.org/W3128522081","https://openalex.org/W3136881583","https://openalex.org/W3179610792","https://openalex.org/W3202281277","https://openalex.org/W4210408645","https://openalex.org/W4244201901","https://openalex.org/W4294643831","https://openalex.org/W4396904042","https://openalex.org/W6640425456","https://openalex.org/W6739696289","https://openalex.org/W6745560452","https://openalex.org/W6752018158","https://openalex.org/W6755038706","https://openalex.org/W6755053353","https://openalex.org/W6773773842"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2502115930","https://openalex.org/W2482350142","https://openalex.org/W4246396837","https://openalex.org/W3126451824","https://openalex.org/W1561927205","https://openalex.org/W3191453585","https://openalex.org/W4297672492","https://openalex.org/W4310988119","https://openalex.org/W4285226279","https://openalex.org/W2985118265"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Soft\u2013biometric":[0],"privacy\u2013enhancing":[1,104,163,200,263],"techniques":[2,43,105,201],"represent":[3],"machine":[4],"learning":[5],"methods":[6],"that":[7,146,174,193,216,237,248],"aim":[8],"to:":[9],"(i)":[10],"mitigate":[11],"privacy":[12,59,182],"concerns":[13],"associated":[14],"with":[15,231],"face":[16,136],"recognition":[17],"technology":[18],"by":[19],"suppressing":[20],"selected":[21],"soft\u2013biometric":[22,103,118],"attributes":[23],"in":[24,47,85,130,225],"facial":[25,122,226],"images":[26,227],"(e.g.,":[27,166],"gender,":[28],"age,":[29],"ethnicity)":[30],"and":[31,64,124,141,202,262],"(ii)":[32],"make":[33],"unsolicited":[34],"extraction":[35],"of":[36,100,157,161,198],"sensitive":[37],"personal":[38],"information":[39,68,119],"infeasible.":[40],"Because":[41],"such":[42],"are":[44,78,176],"increasingly":[45],"used":[46,165,221],"real\u2013world":[48],"applications,":[49],"it":[50,126],"is":[51,150,249],"imperative":[52],"to":[53,55,106,152,187,209,222],"understand":[54],"what":[56],"extent":[57],"the":[58,86,98,147,162,180,188,196,245],"enhancement":[60],"can":[61,69,194,218,241],"be":[62,70,220,242],"inverted":[63],"how":[65],"much":[66],"attribute":[67,107,128],"recovered":[71],"from":[72,120],"privacy\u2013enhanced":[73,121],"images.":[74],"While":[75],"these":[76],"aspects":[77],"critical,":[79],"they":[80],"have":[81],"not":[82],"been":[83],"investigated":[84],"literature":[87],"so":[88],"far.":[89],"In":[90],"this":[91],"paper,":[92],"we,":[93],"therefore,":[94,255],"<italic":[95,250],"xmlns:mml=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\"":[96,251],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">study":[97],"robustness</i>":[99],"several":[101],"state\u2013of\u2013the\u2013art":[102],"recovery":[108,129],"attempts.":[109],"We":[110],"propose":[111],"PrivacyProber,":[112],"a":[113,154,238],"high\u2013level":[114],"framework":[115,149,247],"for":[116,127,190],"restoring":[117],"images,":[123],"apply":[125],"comprehensive":[131],"experiments":[132,144],"on":[133],"three":[134],"public":[135],"datasets,":[137],"i.e.,":[138],"LFW,":[139],"MUCT":[140],"Adience.":[142],"Our":[143],"show":[145,236],"proposed":[148,246],"able":[151],"restore":[153,210],"considerable":[155],"amount":[156],"suppressed":[158,211],"information,":[159],"regardless":[160],"technique":[164],"adversarial":[167],"perturbations,":[168],"conditional":[169],"synthesis,":[170],"etc.),":[171],"but":[172],"also":[173,219],"there":[175],"significant":[177],"differences":[178],"between":[179],"considered":[181],"models.":[183],"These":[184],"results":[185],"point":[186],"need":[189],"novel":[191],"mechanisms":[192],"improve":[195],"robustness":[197],"existing":[199],"secure":[203],"them":[204],"against":[205],"potential":[206],"adversaries":[207],"trying":[208],"information.":[212],"Additionally,":[213],"we":[214,235],"demonstrate":[215],"PrivacyProber":[217],"detect":[223],"privacy\u2013enhancement":[224],"(under":[228],"black\u2013box":[229],"assumptions)":[230],"high":[232],"accuracy.":[233],"Specifically,":[234],"detection":[239],"procedure":[240],"developed":[243],"around":[244],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">learning":[252],"free</i>":[253],"and,":[254],"generalizes":[256],"well":[257],"across":[258],"different":[259],"data":[260],"characteristics":[261],"techniques.":[264]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
