{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4221148874","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tdsc.2023.3288215","title":"FedComm: Federated Learning as a Medium for Covert Communication","display_name":"FedComm: Federated Learning as a Medium for Covert Communication","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-06-23","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4221148874","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tdsc.2023.3288215"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tdsc.2023.3288215","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tdsc.2023.3288215","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S133795288","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Dependable and Secure Computing","issn_l":"1545-5971","issn":["1545-5971","1941-0018","2160-9209"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320439","host_organization_name":"IEEE Computer Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320439","https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IEEE Computer Society","Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Dependable and Secure Computing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["arxiv","crossref","datacite"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2201.08786","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5080694735","display_name":"Dorjan Hitaj","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5686-3831"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I861853513","display_name":"Sapienza University of Rome","ror":"https://ror.org/02be6w209","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I861853513"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Dorjan Hitaj","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5686-3831","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I861853513"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5083399524","display_name":"Giulio Pagnotta","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4626-6045"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I861853513","display_name":"Sapienza University of Rome","ror":"https://ror.org/02be6w209","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I861853513"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Giulio Pagnotta","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4626-6045","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I861853513"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5068361533","display_name":"Briland Hitaj","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5925-3027"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1298353152","display_name":"SRI International","ror":"https://ror.org/05s570m15","country_code":"US","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1298353152"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210099336","display_name":"Menlo School","ror":"https://ror.org/01240pn49","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210099336"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Briland Hitaj","raw_affiliation_strings":["Computer Science Laboratory, SRI International, Menlo Park, CA, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5925-3027","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Computer Science Laboratory, SRI International, Menlo Park, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1298353152","https://openalex.org/I4210099336"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5088555568","display_name":"Fernando P\u00e9rez\u2010Cruz","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8996-5076"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210122261","display_name":"Swiss Data Science Center","ror":"https://ror.org/02hdt9m26","country_code":"CH","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2799323385","https://openalex.org/I2799323385","https://openalex.org/I35440088","https://openalex.org/I4210122261","https://openalex.org/I5124864"]}],"countries":["CH"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Fernando Perez-Cruz","raw_affiliation_strings":["Computer Science Department, Swiss Data Science Center, ETH Z&#x00FC;rich, Z&#x00FC;rich, Switzerland"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8996-5076","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Computer Science Department, Swiss Data Science Center, ETH Z&#x00FC;rich, Z&#x00FC;rich, Switzerland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210122261"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5046905749","display_name":"Luigi V. Mancini","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4859-2191"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I861853513","display_name":"Sapienza University of Rome","ror":"https://ror.org/02be6w209","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I861853513"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Luigi V. Mancini","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4859-2191","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I861853513"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.00194269,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"21","issue":"4","first_page":"1695","last_page":"1707"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10764","display_name":"Privacy-Preserving Technologies in Data","score":0.4609000086784363,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10764","display_name":"Privacy-Preserving Technologies in Data","score":0.4609000086784363,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11689","display_name":"Adversarial Robustness in Machine Learning","score":0.42820000648498535,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11598","display_name":"Internet Traffic Analysis and Secure E-voting","score":0.0210999995470047,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/payload","display_name":"Payload (computing)","score":0.827709436416626},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7855777740478516},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/covert","display_name":"Covert","score":0.6609746217727661},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scheme","display_name":"Scheme (mathematics)","score":0.6423689126968384},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/process","display_name":"Process (computing)","score":0.5731995105743408},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/domain","display_name":"Domain (mathematical analysis)","score":0.510286808013916},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transfer-of-learning","display_name":"Transfer of learning","score":0.5020437240600586},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-neural-network","display_name":"Artificial neural network","score":0.49730780720710754},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/order","display_name":"Order (exchange)","score":0.4713456332683563},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/channel","display_name":"Channel (broadcasting)","score":0.43426448106765747},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/federated-learning","display_name":"Federated learning","score":0.4240334630012512},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.41895341873168945},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.4181942343711853},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deep-learning","display_name":"Deep learning","score":0.4123491942882538},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/distributed-computing","display_name":"Distributed computing","score":0.3249533772468567},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.30936652421951294}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134066672","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1424639","display_name":"Payload (computing)","level":3,"score":0.827709436416626},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7855777740478516},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779338814","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5179285","display_name":"Covert","level":2,"score":0.6609746217727661},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77618280","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1155772","display_name":"Scheme (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.6423689126968384},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98045186","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q205663","display_name":"Process (computing)","level":2,"score":0.5731995105743408},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36503486","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11235244","display_name":"Domain (mathematical analysis)","level":2,"score":0.510286808013916},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C150899416","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1820378","display_name":"Transfer of learning","level":2,"score":0.5020437240600586},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.49730780720710754},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C182306322","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1779371","display_name":"Order (exchange)","level":2,"score":0.4713456332683563},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127162648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16858953","display_name":"Channel (broadcasting)","level":2,"score":0.43426448106765747},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2992525071","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q50818671","display_name":"Federated learning","level":2,"score":0.4240334630012512},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.41895341873168945},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.4181942343711853},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108583219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep learning","level":2,"score":0.4123491942882538},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120314980","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180634","display_name":"Distributed computing","level":1,"score":0.3249533772468567},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.30936652421951294},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158379750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q214111","display_name":"Network packet","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C10138342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43015","display_name":"Finance","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":6,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tdsc.2023.3288215","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tdsc.2023.3288215","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S133795288","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Dependable and Secure Computing","issn_l":"1545-5971","issn":["1545-5971","1941-0018","2160-9209"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320439","host_organization_name":"IEEE Computer Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320439","https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IEEE Computer Society","Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Dependable and Secure Computing","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2201.08786","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/2201.08786","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2201.08786","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:zenodo.org:8409834","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://zenodo.org/record/8409834","pdf_url":"https://zenodo.org/record/8409834","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400562","display_name":"Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I67311998","host_organization_name":"European Organization for Nuclear Research","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I67311998"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Dependable and Secure Computing","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:iris.uniroma1.it:11573/1691166","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://hdl.handle.net/11573/1691166","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196107","display_name":"IRIS Research product catalog (Sapienza University of Rome)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:zenodo.org:6463257","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2201.08786","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400562","display_name":"Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I67311998","host_organization_name":"European Organization for Nuclear Research","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I67311998"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-nc-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/preprint"},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2201.08786","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2201.08786","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":null,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Preprint"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2201.08786","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/2201.08786","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2201.08786","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"text"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G507880695","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"PE00000014","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320300","funder_display_name":"European Commission"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320300","display_name":"European Commission","ror":"https://ror.org/00k4n6c32"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W17729602","https://openalex.org/W868042","https://openalex.org/W2904021","https://openalex.org/W12569569","https://openalex.org/W6638056","https://openalex.org/W4326618","https://openalex.org/W13806273","https://openalex.org/W4275953","https://openalex.org/W4781179","https://openalex.org/W9318078"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Proposed":[0],"as":[1,92],"a":[2,41,57,81,93,105,132,152],"solution":[3],"to":[4,10,24,97,139],"mitigate":[5],"the":[6,11,32,48,69,85,119,140,155,160,173,177,183],"privacy":[7,51],"implications":[8],"related":[9],"adoption":[12],"of":[13,22,44,53,59,72,115,151,157,172],"deep":[14,27],"learning,":[15],"Federated":[16],"Learning":[17],"(FL)":[18],"enables":[19,110],"large":[20],"numbers":[21],"participants":[23],"successfully":[25,148],"train":[26],"neural":[28,178],"networks":[29],"without":[30],"revealing":[31],"<italic":[33],"xmlns:mml=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\"":[34],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">actual</i>":[35],"private":[36],"training":[37,141],"data.":[38],"To":[39],"date,":[40],"substantial":[42],"amount":[43],"research":[45],"has":[46],"investigated":[47],"security":[49],"and":[50,62,113,125,176],"properties":[52],"FL,":[54],"resulting":[55],"in":[56,84,154],"plethora":[58],"innovative":[60],"attack":[61],"defense":[63],"strategies.":[64],"This":[65],"paper":[66],"thoroughly":[67],"investigates":[68],"communication":[70,95,134],"capabilities":[71],"an":[73,99],"FL":[74,86,91,120,161,185],"scheme.":[75,186],"In":[76],"particular,":[77],"we":[78],"show":[79,128,145],"that":[80,109,129,146,168],"party":[82],"involved":[83],"learning":[87],"process":[88],"can":[89],"use":[90],"covert":[94],"medium":[96],"send":[98],"arbitrary":[100],"message.":[101],"We":[102],"introduce":[103],"FedComm,":[104],"novel":[106],"covert-communication":[107],"technique":[108],"robust":[111],"sharing":[112],"transfer":[114],"targeted":[116],"payloads":[117],"within":[118],"framework.":[121],"Our":[122,143,164],"extensive":[123],"theoretical":[124],"empirical":[126],"evaluations":[127],"FedComm":[130,147,169],"provides":[131],"stealthy":[133],"channel,":[135],"with":[136],"minimal":[137],"disruptions":[138],"process.":[142],"experiments":[144],"delivers":[149],"100%":[150],"payload":[153],"order":[156],"kilobits":[158],"before":[159],"procedure":[162],"converges.":[163],"evaluation":[165],"also":[166],"shows":[167],"is":[170],"independent":[171],"application":[174],"domain":[175],"network":[179],"architecture":[180],"used":[181],"by":[182],"underlying":[184]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2022-04-03T00:00:00"}