{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4320008745","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tdsc.2023.3238408","title":"Extended Research on the Security of Visual Reasoning CAPTCHA","display_name":"Extended Research on the Security of Visual Reasoning CAPTCHA","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-01-20","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4320008745","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tdsc.2023.3238408"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tdsc.2023.3238408","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tdsc.2023.3238408","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S133795288","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Dependable and Secure Computing","issn_l":"1545-5971","issn":["1545-5971","1941-0018","2160-9209"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320439","host_organization_name":"IEEE Computer Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320439","https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IEEE Computer Society","Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Dependable and Secure Computing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100338598","display_name":"Ping Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6192-6251"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I149594827","display_name":"Xidian University","ror":"https://ror.org/05s92vm98","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ping Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science and Technology, Xidian University, Xi&#x2019;an, Shaanxi, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6192-6251","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science and Technology, Xidian University, Xi&#x2019;an, Shaanxi, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5086029723","display_name":"Haichang Gao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4969-5718"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I149594827","display_name":"Xidian University","ror":"https://ror.org/05s92vm98","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Haichang Gao","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science and Technology, Xidian University, Xi&#x2019;an, Shaanxi, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4969-5718","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science and Technology, Xidian University, Xi&#x2019;an, Shaanxi, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5031003604","display_name":"Chenxuan Xiao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8598-8999"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I149594827","display_name":"Xidian University","ror":"https://ror.org/05s92vm98","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chenxuan Xiao","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science and Technology, Xidian University, Xi&#x2019;an, Shaanxi, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science and Technology, Xidian University, Xi&#x2019;an, Shaanxi, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5077153882","display_name":"Xiaoyan Guo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5357-6781"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I149594827","display_name":"Xidian University","ror":"https://ror.org/05s92vm98","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xiaoyan Guo","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science and Technology, Xidian University, Xi&#x2019;an, Shaanxi, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science and Technology, Xidian University, Xi&#x2019;an, Shaanxi, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5081437968","display_name":"Yipeng Gao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4151-8215"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I149594827","display_name":"Xidian University","ror":"https://ror.org/05s92vm98","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yipeng Gao","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science and Technology, Xidian University, Xi&#x2019;an, Shaanxi, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science and Technology, Xidian University, Xi&#x2019;an, Shaanxi, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100763264","display_name":"Zi Yang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5648-9843"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I149594827","display_name":"Xidian University","ror":"https://ror.org/05s92vm98","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yang Zi","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science and Technology, Xidian University, Xi&#x2019;an, Shaanxi, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5648-9843","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science and Technology, Xidian University, Xi&#x2019;an, Shaanxi, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":6.0389,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":14,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.96278036,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":95,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"20","issue":"6","first_page":"4976","last_page":"4992"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11800","display_name":"User Authentication and Security Systems","score":0.9932000041007996,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11800","display_name":"User Authentication and Security Systems","score":0.9932000041007996,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11147","display_name":"Misinformation and Its Impacts","score":0.9599000215530396,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11644","display_name":"Spam and Phishing Detection","score":0.9355999827384949,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/captcha","display_name":"CAPTCHA","score":0.9937302470207214},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8226739168167114},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/usability","display_name":"Usability","score":0.5273483991622925},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.4569362699985504},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.37668853998184204},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/human\u2013computer-interaction","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","score":0.3427354395389557}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163339463","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q484598","display_name":"CAPTCHA","level":2,"score":0.9937302470207214},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8226739168167114},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C170130773","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q216378","display_name":"Usability","level":2,"score":0.5273483991622925},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.4569362699985504},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.37668853998184204},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107457646","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207434","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","level":1,"score":0.3427354395389557}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tdsc.2023.3238408","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tdsc.2023.3238408","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S133795288","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Dependable and Secure Computing","issn_l":"1545-5971","issn":["1545-5971","1941-0018","2160-9209"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320439","host_organization_name":"IEEE Computer Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320439","https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IEEE Computer Society","Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Dependable and Secure Computing","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4040257914","display_name":"\u57fa\u4e8e\u6df1\u5ea6\u5b66\u4e60\u7684\u65b0\u578bCAPTCHA\u653b\u51fb\u548c\u9632\u5fa1\u6280\u672f\u7814\u7a76","funder_award_id":"61972306","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":74,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W639708223","https://openalex.org/W1522301498","https://openalex.org/W1686810756","https://openalex.org/W1933349210","https://openalex.org/W1945616565","https://openalex.org/W1965205240","https://openalex.org/W1969670714","https://openalex.org/W1971657180","https://openalex.org/W2016631059","https://openalex.org/W2022710553","https://openalex.org/W2027717998","https://openalex.org/W2072410439","https://openalex.org/W2088301450","https://openalex.org/W2099256741","https://openalex.org/W2105523261","https://openalex.org/W2113321599","https://openalex.org/W2116241551","https://openalex.org/W2123761123","https://openalex.org/W2125561172","https://openalex.org/W2131572598","https://openalex.org/W2131774270","https://openalex.org/W2194775991","https://openalex.org/W2205169453","https://openalex.org/W2380581874","https://openalex.org/W2528437680","https://openalex.org/W2556432796","https://openalex.org/W2561715562","https://openalex.org/W2595089739","https://openalex.org/W2693668331","https://openalex.org/W2752782242","https://openalex.org/W2765332150","https://openalex.org/W2791445945","https://openalex.org/W2794632300","https://openalex.org/W2890419535","https://openalex.org/W2892187214","https://openalex.org/W2896013314","https://openalex.org/W2898695519","https://openalex.org/W2950339735","https://openalex.org/W2958415890","https://openalex.org/W2962700793","https://openalex.org/W2962716332","https://openalex.org/W2962793481","https://openalex.org/W2963767194","https://openalex.org/W2964094751","https://openalex.org/W2969679616","https://openalex.org/W2976752987","https://openalex.org/W3004699930","https://openalex.org/W3012731629","https://openalex.org/W3013161732","https://openalex.org/W3046953693","https://openalex.org/W3094898851","https://openalex.org/W3096831136","https://openalex.org/W3111771607","https://openalex.org/W3203524612","https://openalex.org/W4206469693","https://openalex.org/W4220745040","https://openalex.org/W4220935273","https://openalex.org/W4231610351","https://openalex.org/W4254515799","https://openalex.org/W4293584584","https://openalex.org/W4297749157","https://openalex.org/W4312282373","https://openalex.org/W6604579278","https://openalex.org/W6631190155","https://openalex.org/W6636863008","https://openalex.org/W6637373629","https://openalex.org/W6640425456","https://openalex.org/W6682086655","https://openalex.org/W6734912205","https://openalex.org/W6748270630","https://openalex.org/W6750227808","https://openalex.org/W6755829550","https://openalex.org/W6768366551","https://openalex.org/W6794989480"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3134776999","https://openalex.org/W2028308373","https://openalex.org/W2064097623","https://openalex.org/W1966530388","https://openalex.org/W1975364925","https://openalex.org/W2566963304","https://openalex.org/W2111502540","https://openalex.org/W1502766620","https://openalex.org/W4366994647","https://openalex.org/W2770704788"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"CAPTCHA":[0,66,185],"is":[1,81],"an":[2],"effective":[3],"mechanism":[4],"for":[5,155,166],"protecting":[6],"computers":[7],"from":[8,129,178],"malicious":[9],"bots.":[10,74],"With":[11],"the":[12,102,174],"development":[13],"of":[14,65,104],"deep":[15],"learning":[16],"techniques,":[17],"current":[18],"mainstream":[19],"text-based":[20],"and":[21,113,171,191,195],"traditional":[22],"image-based":[23],"CAPTCHAs":[24,41,92,139,156],"have":[25,59],"been":[26,36],"proven":[27],"to":[28,71,84,131,149],"be":[29],"insecure.":[30],"Therefore,":[31],"a":[32,62,76,86,110,183],"major":[33],"effort":[34,148],"has":[35,157],"directed":[37],"toward":[38],"developing":[39],"new":[40,63,184],"by":[42],"utilizing":[43],"some":[44,52,164],"other":[45],"hard":[46,152],"Artificial":[47],"Intelligence":[48],"(AI)":[49],"problems.":[50],"Recently,":[51],"commercial":[53],"companies":[54],"(Tencent,":[55],"NetEase,":[56],"Geetest,":[57],"etc.)":[58],"begun":[60],"deploying":[61],"type":[64],"based":[67,172,186],"on":[68,116,173,187],"visual":[69,90,105,120,137],"reasoning":[70,91,106,121,138],"defend":[72],"against":[73],"As":[75],"newly":[77],"proposed":[78,109],"CAPTCHA,":[79],"it":[80,115],"therefore":[82],"natural":[83],"ask":[85],"fundamental":[87],"question:":[88],"are":[89,140],"as":[93,95,142,144],"secure":[94,143],"their":[96],"designers":[97],"expect?":[98],"This":[99],"paper":[100],"explores":[101],"security":[103,194],"CAPTCHAs.":[107],"We":[108],"modular":[111],"attack":[112],"evaluated":[114],"six":[117],"different":[118],"real-world":[119],"CAPTCHAs,":[122,170],"which":[123],"achieved":[124],"overall":[125],"success":[126],"rates":[127],"ranging":[128],"79.2%":[130],"98.6%.":[132],"The":[133],"results":[134],"show":[135,192],"that":[136],"not":[141,158],"anticipated;":[145],"this":[146],"latest":[147],"use":[150],"novel,":[151],"AI":[153],"problems":[154],"yet":[159],"succeeded.":[160],"Then,":[161],"we":[162,176,181],"summarize":[163],"guidelines":[165],"designing":[167],"better":[168],"visual-based":[169],"lessons":[175],"learned":[177],"our":[179],"attacks,":[180],"propose":[182],"commonsense":[188],"knowledge":[189],"(CsCAPTCHA)":[190],"its":[193],"usability":[196],"experimentally.":[197]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
