{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4226119873","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tdsc.2022.3165624","title":"Defender Policy Evaluation and Resource Allocation With MITRE ATT&CK Evaluations Data","display_name":"Defender Policy Evaluation and Resource Allocation With MITRE ATT&CK Evaluations Data","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-04-18","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4226119873","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tdsc.2022.3165624"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tdsc.2022.3165624","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tdsc.2022.3165624","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S133795288","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Dependable and Secure Computing","issn_l":"1545-5971","issn":["1545-5971","1941-0018","2160-9209"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320439","host_organization_name":"IEEE Computer Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320439","https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IEEE Computer Society","Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Dependable and Secure Computing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1870459","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5001605214","display_name":"Alexander V. Outkin","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6922-8343"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210104735","display_name":"Sandia National Laboratories","ror":"https://ror.org/01apwpt12","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1330989302","https://openalex.org/I198811213","https://openalex.org/I4210104735"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Alexander V. Outkin","raw_affiliation_strings":["Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, NM, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6922-8343","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, NM, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210104735"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5085149591","display_name":"Patricia V. Schulz","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4651-2728"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210104735","display_name":"Sandia National Laboratories","ror":"https://ror.org/01apwpt12","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1330989302","https://openalex.org/I198811213","https://openalex.org/I4210104735"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Patricia V. Schulz","raw_affiliation_strings":["Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, NM, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4651-2728","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, NM, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210104735"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5083695102","display_name":"Timothy J. Schulz","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0009-3594-6780"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210104735","display_name":"Sandia National Laboratories","ror":"https://ror.org/01apwpt12","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1330989302","https://openalex.org/I198811213","https://openalex.org/I4210104735"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Timothy Schulz","raw_affiliation_strings":["Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, NM, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, NM, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210104735"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5022733342","display_name":"Thomas Tarman","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7084-1225"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210104735","display_name":"Sandia National Laboratories","ror":"https://ror.org/01apwpt12","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1330989302","https://openalex.org/I198811213","https://openalex.org/I4210104735"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Thomas D. Tarman","raw_affiliation_strings":["Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, NM, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7084-1225","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, NM, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210104735"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101869105","display_name":"Ali P\u0131nar","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0912-9623"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210104735","display_name":"Sandia National Laboratories","ror":"https://ror.org/01apwpt12","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1330989302","https://openalex.org/I198811213","https://openalex.org/I4210104735"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ali Pinar","raw_affiliation_strings":["Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, NM, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, NM, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210104735"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":6.0546,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":19,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.96396956,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"20","issue":"3","first_page":"1909","last_page":"1926"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10734","display_name":"Information and Cyber Security","score":0.9994000196456909,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10734","display_name":"Information and Cyber Security","score":0.9994000196456909,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10400","display_name":"Network Security and Intrusion Detection","score":0.9973000288009644,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11241","display_name":"Advanced Malware Detection Techniques","score":0.9896000027656555,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.789649486541748},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.545897364616394},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/resource","display_name":"Resource (disambiguation)","score":0.44602951407432556},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.22095561027526855}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.789649486541748},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.545897364616394},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C206345919","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q20380951","display_name":"Resource (disambiguation)","level":2,"score":0.44602951407432556},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.22095561027526855}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tdsc.2022.3165624","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tdsc.2022.3165624","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S133795288","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Dependable and Secure Computing","issn_l":"1545-5971","issn":["1545-5971","1941-0018","2160-9209"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320439","host_organization_name":"IEEE Computer Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320439","https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IEEE Computer Society","Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Dependable and Secure Computing","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:osti.gov:1870459","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1870459","pdf_url":"https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1870459","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402487","display_name":"OSTI OAI (U.S. Department of Energy Office of Scientific and Technical Information)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I139351228","host_organization_name":"Office of Scientific and Technical Information","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I139351228"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:osti.gov:1870465","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1870465","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402487","display_name":"OSTI OAI (U.S. Department of Energy Office of Scientific and Technical Information)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I139351228","host_organization_name":"Office of Scientific and Technical Information","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I139351228"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:osti.gov:1870459","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1870459","pdf_url":"https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1870459","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402487","display_name":"OSTI OAI (U.S. Department of Energy Office of Scientific and Technical Information)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I139351228","host_organization_name":"Office of Scientific and Technical Information","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I139351228"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":null},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Decent work and economic growth","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/8","score":0.44999998807907104}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2209453243","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"DE-NA0003525","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306084","funder_display_name":"U.S. Department of Energy"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2214935549","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"NA0003525","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320338291","funder_display_name":"Sandia National Laboratories"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4279468600","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"SAND2022-3936 J","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306084","funder_display_name":"U.S. Department of Energy"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4903105778","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"NA0003525","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306084","funder_display_name":"U.S. Department of Energy"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4947178736","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"-NA0003525","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306084","funder_display_name":"U.S. Department of Energy"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5211897158","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"DE-NA0003525","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332369","funder_display_name":"National Nuclear Security Administration"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5339743583","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"NA0003525","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332369","funder_display_name":"National Nuclear Security Administration"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8279418378","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"DE-NA0003525","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320338291","funder_display_name":"Sandia National Laboratories"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306084","display_name":"U.S. Department of Energy","ror":"https://ror.org/01bj3aw27"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332369","display_name":"National Nuclear Security Administration","ror":"https://ror.org/03sk1we31"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320338291","display_name":"Sandia National Laboratories","ror":"https://ror.org/01apwpt12"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4226119873.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":50,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W39236463","https://openalex.org/W138587896","https://openalex.org/W164306009","https://openalex.org/W1517532457","https://openalex.org/W1956930971","https://openalex.org/W1972914730","https://openalex.org/W2015057528","https://openalex.org/W2041112809","https://openalex.org/W2116796800","https://openalex.org/W2117694832","https://openalex.org/W2119181060","https://openalex.org/W2121141821","https://openalex.org/W2131875370","https://openalex.org/W2139263187","https://openalex.org/W2140380475","https://openalex.org/W2145937629","https://openalex.org/W2150928734","https://openalex.org/W2168573734","https://openalex.org/W2172048558","https://openalex.org/W2207233201","https://openalex.org/W2346627286","https://openalex.org/W2422588078","https://openalex.org/W2425112981","https://openalex.org/W2513062009","https://openalex.org/W2564147261","https://openalex.org/W2564719372","https://openalex.org/W2763318259","https://openalex.org/W2765449849","https://openalex.org/W2792721951","https://openalex.org/W2807786182","https://openalex.org/W2883464778","https://openalex.org/W2889520855","https://openalex.org/W2926701059","https://openalex.org/W2951270751","https://openalex.org/W2951816324","https://openalex.org/W2989920606","https://openalex.org/W3004179294","https://openalex.org/W3104949615","https://openalex.org/W3194208791","https://openalex.org/W3194673351","https://openalex.org/W4237936646","https://openalex.org/W6601591299","https://openalex.org/W6606758492","https://openalex.org/W6643563049","https://openalex.org/W6677566838","https://openalex.org/W6682184091","https://openalex.org/W6730901808","https://openalex.org/W6812742317","https://openalex.org/W7037238544","https://openalex.org/W7061428175"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2748952813","https://openalex.org/W2390279801","https://openalex.org/W2358668433","https://openalex.org/W2376932109","https://openalex.org/W2001405890","https://openalex.org/W2382290278","https://openalex.org/W2350741829","https://openalex.org/W2530322880","https://openalex.org/W1596801655","https://openalex.org/W2359140296"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Protecting":[0],"against":[1,226,259],"multi-step":[2,37,260],"attacks":[3,38],"of":[4,33,42,55,63,128,192],"uncertain":[5,31],"start":[6],"times":[7],"and":[8,27,39,44,60,66,88,99,119,122,124,149,152,164,189,212,218,256],"duration":[9],"forces":[10],"the":[11,23,104,112,132,246],"defenders":[12],"into":[13,49],"indefinite,":[14],"always":[15],"ongoing,":[16],"resource-intensive":[17],"response.":[18],"To":[19],"allocate":[20],"resources":[21],"effectively,":[22],"defender":[24,64,150,168,254],"must":[25],"analyze":[26],"respond":[28],"to":[29,84,106,135,205,242],"an":[30,137],"stream":[32],"potentially":[34],"undetected":[35],"multiple":[36],"take":[40],"measures":[41],"attack":[43,57,71,75,85,92,108,113,117,138,161,178,200,237],"response":[45,52],"intensity":[46],"over":[47],"time":[48,105,131,156],"account.":[50],"Such":[51],"requires":[53],"estimation":[54,87],"overall":[56,74],"success":[58,162,179],"metrics":[59,86,180,234],"evaluating":[61],"effect":[62],"strategies":[65,123,151,171],"actions":[67],"associated":[68,197],"with":[69,198],"specific":[70],"steps":[72,109],"on":[73,91,160,194,233],"metrics.":[76],"We":[77,175,202,231],"present":[78],"a":[79,143,157,227],"novel":[80],"game-theoretic":[81],"approach":[82],"GPLADD":[83,204],"demonstrate":[89],"it":[90],"data":[93,208],"derived":[94],"from":[95,116,142,209],"MITRE\u2019s":[96,206],"ATT&CK":[97,210],"Framework":[98,211],"other":[100],"sources.":[101],"In":[102],"GPLADD,":[103],"complete":[107,136],"is":[110,140],"explicit;":[111],"dynamics":[114],"emerges":[115],"graph":[118],"attacker-defender":[120,183],"capabilities":[121],"therefore":[125],"reflects":[126],"\u201cphysics\u201d":[127],"attacks.":[129,174,261],"The":[130],"attacker":[133,148,240],"takes":[134],"step":[139],"drawn":[141],"probability":[144],"distribution":[145],"determined":[146],"by":[147,181],"capabilities.":[153],"This":[154,251],"makes":[155],"physical":[158],"constraint":[159],"parameters":[163],"enables":[165,252],"comparing":[166],"different":[167,173,199],"resource":[169,257],"allocation":[170,258],"across":[172],"solve":[176],"for":[177],"approximating":[182],"games":[184],"as":[185],"discrete-time":[186],"Markov":[187],"chains":[188],"show":[190,213],"evaluation":[191],"return":[193],"detection":[195],"investments":[196],"steps.":[201],"apply":[203],"APT3":[207,229],"that":[214,235],"there":[215],"are":[216],"substantial":[217],"un-intuitive":[219],"differences":[220],"in":[221,245],"estimated":[222],"real-world":[223],"vendor":[224],"performance":[225],"simplified":[228],"attack.":[230],"focus":[232],"reflect":[236],"difficulty":[238],"versus":[239],"ability":[241],"remain":[243],"hidden":[244],"system":[247],"after":[248],"gaining":[249],"control.":[250],"practical":[253],"optimization":[255]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2022-05-05T00:00:00"}