{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2917640112","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tdsc.2021.3132987","title":"PixelSteganalysis: Pixel-Wise Hidden Information Removal With Low Visual Degradation","display_name":"PixelSteganalysis: Pixel-Wise Hidden Information Removal With Low Visual Degradation","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-12-07","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2917640112","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tdsc.2021.3132987","mag":"2917640112"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tdsc.2021.3132987","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tdsc.2021.3132987","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S133795288","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Dependable and Secure Computing","issn_l":"1545-5971","issn":["1545-5971","1941-0018","2160-9209"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320439","host_organization_name":"IEEE Computer Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320439","https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IEEE Computer Society","Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Dependable and Secure Computing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5010990289","display_name":"Dahuin Jung","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1344-1054"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I139264467","display_name":"Seoul National University","ror":"https://ror.org/04h9pn542","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I139264467"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Dahuin Jung","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I139264467"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5008547463","display_name":"Ho Bae","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5238-3547"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I138925566","display_name":"Ewha Womans University","ror":"https://ror.org/053fp5c05","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I138925566"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ho Bae","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Cyber Security, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Korea"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Cyber Security, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I138925566"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100366819","display_name":"Hyun-Soo Choi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3594-8948"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I118373667","display_name":"Seoul National University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00chfja07","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I118373667"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hyun-Soo Choi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science &amp; Engineering at Seoul National University of Science and Technology, Seoul, Korea","Ziovision, Chuncheon, Gangwon, Korea"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science &amp; Engineering at Seoul National University of Science and Technology, Seoul, Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I118373667"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Ziovision, Chuncheon, Gangwon, Korea","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5086877012","display_name":"Sungroh Yoon","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2367-197X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I139264467","display_name":"Seoul National University","ror":"https://ror.org/04h9pn542","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I139264467"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sungroh Yoon","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea","Interdisciplinary Program in Artificial Intelligence, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I139264467"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Interdisciplinary Program in Artificial Intelligence, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I139264467"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5010990289"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I139264467"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.5541,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":24,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.84600336,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"20","issue":"1","first_page":"331","last_page":"342"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10388","display_name":"Advanced Steganography and Watermarking Techniques","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10388","display_name":"Advanced Steganography and Watermarking Techniques","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12357","display_name":"Digital Media Forensic Detection","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11017","display_name":"Chaos-based Image/Signal Encryption","score":0.9988999962806702,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/steganalysis","display_name":"Steganalysis","score":0.9443851709365845},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/steganography","display_name":"Steganography","score":0.9083414673805237},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7572697401046753},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/decoding-methods","display_name":"Decoding methods","score":0.6946199536323547},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.5950090885162354},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/information-hiding","display_name":"Information hiding","score":0.5792302489280701},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pixel","display_name":"Pixel","score":0.5278584361076355},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/steganography-tools","display_name":"Steganography tools","score":0.5086153745651245},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.4934927225112915},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/metric","display_name":"Metric (unit)","score":0.4471891522407532},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cryptography","display_name":"Cryptography","score":0.4202445149421692},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/lossy-compression","display_name":"Lossy compression","score":0.4201813340187073},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/jpeg","display_name":"JPEG","score":0.41424012184143066},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/embedding","display_name":"Embedding","score":0.39039164781570435},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.3681086301803589},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","score":0.30626237392425537},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.26654255390167236}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107368093","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q448176","display_name":"Steganalysis","level":4,"score":0.9443851709365845},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108801101","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q15032","display_name":"Steganography","level":3,"score":0.9083414673805237},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7572697401046753},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C57273362","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q576722","display_name":"Decoding methods","level":2,"score":0.6946199536323547},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5950090885162354},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3073032","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q15912075","display_name":"Information hiding","level":3,"score":0.5792302489280701},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C160633673","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q355198","display_name":"Pixel","level":2,"score":0.5278584361076355},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C13179402","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7606662","display_name":"Steganography tools","level":4,"score":0.5086153745651245},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.4934927225112915},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C176217482","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860554","display_name":"Metric (unit)","level":2,"score":0.4471891522407532},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C178489894","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8789","display_name":"Cryptography","level":2,"score":0.4202445149421692},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165021410","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q55564","display_name":"Lossy compression","level":2,"score":0.4201813340187073},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C198751489","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2195","display_name":"JPEG","level":3,"score":0.41424012184143066},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41608201","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q980509","display_name":"Embedding","level":2,"score":0.39039164781570435},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.3681086301803589},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.30626237392425537},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.26654255390167236},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C21547014","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1423657","display_name":"Operations management","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tdsc.2021.3132987","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tdsc.2021.3132987","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S133795288","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Dependable and Secure Computing","issn_l":"1545-5971","issn":["1545-5971","1941-0018","2160-9209"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320439","host_organization_name":"IEEE Computer Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320439","https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IEEE Computer Society","Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Dependable and Secure Computing","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.4300000071525574,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8790935500","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2018R1A2B3001628","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322120","funder_display_name":"National Research Foundation of Korea"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321292","display_name":"Seoul National University","ror":"https://ror.org/04h9pn542"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322120","display_name":"National Research Foundation of Korea","ror":"https://ror.org/013aysd81"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":66,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W114476996","https://openalex.org/W1512029549","https://openalex.org/W1535817554","https://openalex.org/W1590765731","https://openalex.org/W1710476689","https://openalex.org/W1855479288","https://openalex.org/W1878907771","https://openalex.org/W1955882805","https://openalex.org/W1968832000","https://openalex.org/W1976570511","https://openalex.org/W2005126631","https://openalex.org/W2023425825","https://openalex.org/W2031737658","https://openalex.org/W2066923536","https://openalex.org/W2087811006","https://openalex.org/W2093508258","https://openalex.org/W2114770744","https://openalex.org/W2133665775","https://openalex.org/W2143264331","https://openalex.org/W2145023731","https://openalex.org/W2154026545","https://openalex.org/W2154118756","https://openalex.org/W2157624084","https://openalex.org/W2158320630","https://openalex.org/W2170598445","https://openalex.org/W2214295988","https://openalex.org/W2224530921","https://openalex.org/W2274856082","https://openalex.org/W2337493176","https://openalex.org/W2541505803","https://openalex.org/W2542290803","https://openalex.org/W2605121773","https://openalex.org/W2621048556","https://openalex.org/W2749193951","https://openalex.org/W2771036112","https://openalex.org/W2798825927","https://openalex.org/W2802292638","https://openalex.org/W2808467956","https://openalex.org/W2883233582","https://openalex.org/W2910360975","https://openalex.org/W2913133959","https://openalex.org/W2930279444","https://openalex.org/W2963001579","https://openalex.org/W2964122153","https://openalex.org/W2964267196","https://openalex.org/W2978016341","https://openalex.org/W2983753904","https://openalex.org/W2995293933","https://openalex.org/W3004160624","https://openalex.org/W3011567452","https://openalex.org/W3013821122","https://openalex.org/W3055851871","https://openalex.org/W3100675441","https://openalex.org/W3102097413","https://openalex.org/W3120436048","https://openalex.org/W3142067920","https://openalex.org/W4285719527","https://openalex.org/W6636940545","https://openalex.org/W6703990823","https://openalex.org/W6732492507","https://openalex.org/W6743223498","https://openalex.org/W6746523225","https://openalex.org/W6751221962","https://openalex.org/W6758333931","https://openalex.org/W6785895317","https://openalex.org/W6788358606"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2154118756","https://openalex.org/W129330134","https://openalex.org/W2241212938","https://openalex.org/W1965991389","https://openalex.org/W2166431153","https://openalex.org/W1529294424","https://openalex.org/W2158736088","https://openalex.org/W1659544335","https://openalex.org/W2160587766","https://openalex.org/W2357125417"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Recently,":[0],"the":[1,22,26,50,78,81,110,115,120,139,153,167,183,187],"field":[2],"of":[3,25,80,100,142,156,177],"steganography":[4,16,145],"has":[5],"experienced":[6],"rapid":[7],"developments":[8],"based":[9,15,62,68,144],"on":[10,109],"deep":[11,105],"learning":[12],"(DL).":[13],"DL":[14,61,67,143],"distributes":[17],"secret":[18,43,74,117],"information":[19,118],"over":[20],"all":[21],"available":[23],"bits":[24],"cover":[27],"image,":[28],"thereby":[29],"posing":[30],"difficulties":[31],"in":[32,181],"using":[33,103,134],"conventional":[34,131,157],"steganalysis":[35,69,132],"methods":[36,133],"to":[37,52],"detect,":[38],"extract":[39],"or":[40],"remove":[41,114],"hidden":[42,116],"images.":[44,83],"However,":[45],"our":[46,125],"proposed":[47],"framework":[48],"is":[49,146,150],"first":[51],"effectively":[53,72],"disable":[54],"covert":[55],"communications":[56],"and":[57,88,96,149,186],"transactions":[58],"that":[59,71],"use":[60],"steganography.":[63],"We":[64,84,123],"propose":[65],"a":[66,86,104,162],"technique":[70,126],"removes":[73],"images":[75,101],"by":[76,91,102,127],"restoring":[77],"distribution":[79,99],"original":[82],"formulate":[85],"problem":[87],"address":[89],"it":[90,129],"exploiting":[92],"sophisticated":[93],"pixel":[94,121],"distributions":[95],"an":[97],"edge":[98],"neural":[106],"network.":[107],"Based":[108],"given":[111],"information,":[112],"we":[113,159],"at":[119],"level.":[122],"evaluate":[124],"comparing":[128],"with":[130],"three":[135],"public":[136],"benchmarks.":[137],"As":[138],"decoding":[140,154],"method":[141,155],"approximate":[147],"(lossy)":[148],"different":[151],"from":[152],"steganography,":[158],"also":[160],"introduce":[161],"new":[163],"quantitative":[164],"metric":[165],"called":[166],"destruction":[168],"rate":[169,185],"(DT).":[170],"The":[171],"experimental":[172],"results":[173],"demonstrate":[174],"performance":[175],"improvements":[176],"10\u201320":[178],"<inline-formula><tex-math":[179],"notation=\"LaTeX\">$\\%$</tex-math></inline-formula>":[180],"both":[182],"decoded":[184],"DT.":[188]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-04-03T22:45:19.894376","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
