{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3193689238","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tdsc.2021.3103382","title":"Toward a Secure, Rich, and Fair Query Service for Light Clients on Public Blockchains","display_name":"Toward a Secure, Rich, and Fair Query Service for Light Clients on Public Blockchains","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-08-12","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3193689238","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tdsc.2021.3103382","mag":"3193689238"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tdsc.2021.3103382","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tdsc.2021.3103382","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S133795288","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Dependable and Secure Computing","issn_l":"1545-5971","issn":["1545-5971","1941-0018","2160-9209"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320439","host_organization_name":"IEEE Computer Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320439","https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IEEE Computer Society","Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Dependable and Secure Computing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5060364496","display_name":"Chengjun Cai","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8045-4226"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I168719708","display_name":"City University of Hong Kong","ror":"https://ror.org/03q8dnn23","country_code":"HK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I168719708"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210124427","display_name":"City College of Dongguan University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/02vdh2x09","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2799850029","https://openalex.org/I4210124427"]}],"countries":["CN","HK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chengjun Cai","raw_affiliation_strings":["Dongguan Research Institute, City University of Hong Kong, Dongguan, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8045-4226","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dongguan Research Institute, City University of Hong Kong, Dongguan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210124427","https://openalex.org/I168719708"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100781026","display_name":"Lei Xu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9178-6640"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I36399199","display_name":"Nanjing University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00xp9wg62","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I36399199"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lei Xu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Science, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9178-6640","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Science, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I36399199"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5056113333","display_name":"Anxin Zhou","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1982-6200"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I168719708","display_name":"City University of Hong Kong","ror":"https://ror.org/03q8dnn23","country_code":"HK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I168719708"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210105229","display_name":"City University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen Research Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/00xc0ma20","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210105229"]}],"countries":["CN","HK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Anxin Zhou","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China","Shenzhen Research Institute, City University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I168719708"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Shenzhen Research Institute, City University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I168719708","https://openalex.org/I4210105229"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100390514","display_name":"Cong Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0547-315X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I168719708","display_name":"City University of Hong Kong","ror":"https://ror.org/03q8dnn23","country_code":"HK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I168719708"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210105229","display_name":"City University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen Research Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/00xc0ma20","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210105229"]}],"countries":["CN","HK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Cong Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China","Shenzhen Research Institute, City University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0547-315X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I168719708"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Shenzhen Research Institute, City University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I168719708","https://openalex.org/I4210105229"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":5.1209,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":25,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.95581463,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"19","issue":"6","first_page":"3640","last_page":"3655"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10270","display_name":"Blockchain Technology Applications and Security","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10270","display_name":"Blockchain Technology Applications and Security","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10237","display_name":"Cryptography and Data Security","score":0.9979000091552734,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11614","display_name":"Cloud Data Security Solutions","score":0.9866999983787537,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8392148017883301},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/correctness","display_name":"Correctness","score":0.563366711139679},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.5233951210975647},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/blockchain","display_name":"Blockchain","score":0.48458755016326904},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/security-analysis","display_name":"Security analysis","score":0.48307445645332336},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/merkle-tree","display_name":"Merkle tree","score":0.4751802980899811},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/single-point-of-failure","display_name":"Single point of failure","score":0.4543858766555786},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/payment","display_name":"Payment","score":0.4498065710067749},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/outsourcing","display_name":"Outsourcing","score":0.4371020793914795},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/overhead","display_name":"Overhead (engineering)","score":0.43195950984954834},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/smart-contract","display_name":"Smart contract","score":0.4100639820098877},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hash-function","display_name":"Hash function","score":0.3975020945072174},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.3709300756454468},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/database","display_name":"Database","score":0.3351684808731079},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/operating-system","display_name":"Operating system","score":0.11351794004440308},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cryptographic-hash-function","display_name":"Cryptographic hash function","score":0.11102694272994995},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/world-wide-web","display_name":"World Wide Web","score":0.09840252995491028}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8392148017883301},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55439883","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q360812","display_name":"Correctness","level":2,"score":0.563366711139679},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.5233951210975647},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779687700","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q20514253","display_name":"Blockchain","level":2,"score":0.48458755016326904},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38369872","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7445009","display_name":"Security analysis","level":2,"score":0.48307445645332336},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205383636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14746","display_name":"Merkle tree","level":4,"score":0.4751802980899811},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165136773","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1363179","display_name":"Single point of failure","level":2,"score":0.4543858766555786},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C145097563","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1148747","display_name":"Payment","level":2,"score":0.4498065710067749},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C46934059","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q61515","display_name":"Outsourcing","level":2,"score":0.4371020793914795},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779960059","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7113681","display_name":"Overhead (engineering)","level":2,"score":0.43195950984954834},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779950589","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7544035","display_name":"Smart contract","level":3,"score":0.4100639820098877},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99138194","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q183427","display_name":"Hash function","level":2,"score":0.3975020945072174},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.3709300756454468},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77088390","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8513","display_name":"Database","level":1,"score":0.3351684808731079},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.11351794004440308},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C7608002","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q477202","display_name":"Cryptographic hash function","level":3,"score":0.11102694272994995},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136764020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466","display_name":"World Wide Web","level":1,"score":0.09840252995491028},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tdsc.2021.3103382","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tdsc.2021.3103382","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S133795288","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Dependable and Secure Computing","issn_l":"1545-5971","issn":["1545-5971","1941-0018","2160-9209"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320439","host_organization_name":"IEEE Computer Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320439","https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IEEE Computer Society","Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Dependable and Secure Computing","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1910971796","display_name":"\u5bc6\u6587\u6570\u636e\u751f\u6001\u8054\u76df\u5efa\u8bbe\u548c\u5b89\u5168\u9632\u62a4\u4f53\u7cfb\u7814\u7a76","funder_award_id":"62072240","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":50,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1502708590","https://openalex.org/W1664413462","https://openalex.org/W1820210258","https://openalex.org/W1878874188","https://openalex.org/W1988374166","https://openalex.org/W2014022156","https://openalex.org/W2033165262","https://openalex.org/W2073346043","https://openalex.org/W2081086981","https://openalex.org/W2086763678","https://openalex.org/W2103863878","https://openalex.org/W2158259254","https://openalex.org/W2317153729","https://openalex.org/W2401976587","https://openalex.org/W2517744317","https://openalex.org/W2533941064","https://openalex.org/W2599536137","https://openalex.org/W2599541228","https://openalex.org/W2789671978","https://openalex.org/W2790225875","https://openalex.org/W2790257806","https://openalex.org/W2792900670","https://openalex.org/W2794676020","https://openalex.org/W2794926610","https://openalex.org/W2796933658","https://openalex.org/W2797481382","https://openalex.org/W2808472310","https://openalex.org/W2890041023","https://openalex.org/W2898893210","https://openalex.org/W2903368601","https://openalex.org/W2920126279","https://openalex.org/W2950042958","https://openalex.org/W2950226614","https://openalex.org/W2952570284","https://openalex.org/W2952913404","https://openalex.org/W2997854921","https://openalex.org/W3016194986","https://openalex.org/W3047449092","https://openalex.org/W4211068006","https://openalex.org/W4248175462","https://openalex.org/W4300127641","https://openalex.org/W6637116351","https://openalex.org/W6638679019","https://openalex.org/W6699510422","https://openalex.org/W6712237015","https://openalex.org/W6749691773","https://openalex.org/W6755481866","https://openalex.org/W6756598538","https://openalex.org/W6763986627","https://openalex.org/W6764741882"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4206573979","https://openalex.org/W4205978088","https://openalex.org/W3004179838","https://openalex.org/W3021375942","https://openalex.org/W4294001998","https://openalex.org/W3087739312","https://openalex.org/W3214573662","https://openalex.org/W3192429434","https://openalex.org/W2946173424","https://openalex.org/W3017128339"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0],"rapid":[1],"growth":[2],"of":[3,13,22,123,181],"storage":[4,78],"overhead":[5],"on":[6,27],"public":[7],"blockchains":[8],"has":[9,96,190],"urged":[10],"the":[11,121,187],"use":[12],"light":[14,38,61],"clients":[15,62],"that":[16,76],"only":[17],"store":[18],"a":[19,105,133,179],"small":[20],"fraction":[21],"blockchain":[23,37,77,86],"data":[24,33],"and":[25,56,68,88,107,129,153,161,165,186],"rely":[26],"other":[28],"bootstrapped":[29],"full":[30,73,91],"nodes":[31],"for":[32,136,173],"retrievals.":[34],"Unfortunately,":[35],"current":[36,60],"client":[39],"designs":[40,156],"are":[41],"far":[42],"from":[43],"satisfactory.":[44],"First,":[45],"outsourcing":[46],"retrieval":[47],"requests":[48],"could":[49],"raise":[50],"severe":[51],"concerns":[52],"about":[53],"result":[54,163,189],"correctness":[55],"privacy":[57],"threats.":[58],"Second,":[59],"do":[63],"not":[64],"support":[65],"rich":[66,85],"query":[67,110,141,159,184],"enforce":[69,162],"fee":[70],"payments":[71],"to":[72,112,157],"nodes.":[74],"Given":[75],"increases":[79],"day":[80],"by":[81],"day,":[82],"enabling":[83],"effective":[84],"queries":[87],"fairly":[89],"compensating":[90],"nodes\u2019":[92],"ever":[93],"growing":[94],"costs":[95],"become":[97],"extremely":[98],"necessary.":[99],"In":[100],"this":[101],"article,":[102],"we":[103,119,147],"propose":[104],"general":[106],"secure":[108,140],"paid":[109,183],"framework":[111,185],"simultaneously":[113],"meet":[114],"those":[115],"demands":[116],"above.":[117],"Specifically,":[118],"leverage":[120],"integration":[122],"trusted":[124],"hardware":[125],"(e.g.,":[126],"Intel":[127],"SGX)":[128],"smart":[130],"contract":[131],"as":[132],"starting":[134],"point":[135],"building":[137],"efficient":[138],"yet":[139],"processing":[142],"with":[143],"fair":[144,170],"payments.":[145],"Then,":[146],"further":[148],"craft":[149],"several":[150],"crucial":[151],"performance":[152],"security":[154],"refinement":[155],"boost":[158],"efficiency":[160],"correctness,":[164],"also":[166],"explore":[167],"an":[168],"enclave-facilitated":[169],"settlement":[171],"mechanism":[172],"on-chain":[174],"cost":[175],"optimizations.":[176],"We":[177],"implement":[178],"prototype":[180],"our":[182],"experimental":[188],"demonstrated":[191],"its":[192],"practically":[193],"affordable":[194],"cost.":[195]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}