{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3137382759","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tdsc.2021.3067794","title":"A New Facial Authentication Pitfall and Remedy in Web Services","display_name":"A New Facial Authentication Pitfall and Remedy in Web Services","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-03-22","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3137382759","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tdsc.2021.3067794","mag":"3137382759"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tdsc.2021.3067794","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tdsc.2021.3067794","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S133795288","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Dependable and Secure Computing","issn_l":"1545-5971","issn":["1545-5971","1941-0018","2160-9209"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320439","host_organization_name":"IEEE Computer Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320439","https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IEEE Computer Society","Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Dependable and Secure Computing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5023715802","display_name":"Dalton Cole","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3935-4749"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I76835614","display_name":"University of Missouri","ror":"https://ror.org/02ymw8z06","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I76835614"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Dalton Cole","raw_affiliation_strings":["EECS Department, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"EECS Department, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76835614"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5033806291","display_name":"Sara Newman","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5305-7666"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I76835614","display_name":"University of Missouri","ror":"https://ror.org/02ymw8z06","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I76835614"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sara Newman","raw_affiliation_strings":["EECS Department, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"EECS Department, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76835614"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101655052","display_name":"Dan Lin","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3062-8240"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I76835614","display_name":"University of Missouri","ror":"https://ror.org/02ymw8z06","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I76835614"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Dan Lin","raw_affiliation_strings":["EECS Department, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"EECS Department, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76835614"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5023715802"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76835614"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.6986,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":13,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.75218305,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"19","issue":"4","first_page":"2635","last_page":"2647"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11689","display_name":"Adversarial Robustness in Machine Learning","score":0.9993000030517578,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11689","display_name":"Adversarial Robustness in Machine Learning","score":0.9993000030517578,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12268","display_name":"Deception detection and forensic psychology","score":0.9955999851226807,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3207","display_name":"Social Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11448","display_name":"Face recognition and analysis","score":0.9941999912261963,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8599663972854614},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/authentication","display_name":"Authentication (law)","score":0.7109155058860779},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/password","display_name":"Password","score":0.6108196377754211},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.6102057695388794},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deep-learning","display_name":"Deep learning","score":0.5040770769119263},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/web-service","display_name":"Web service","score":0.4800480604171753},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/service","display_name":"Service (business)","score":0.45291611552238464},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/server","display_name":"Server","score":0.4295632839202881},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/facial-recognition-system","display_name":"Facial recognition system","score":0.4185195863246918},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.40376338362693787},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/world-wide-web","display_name":"World Wide Web","score":0.34745752811431885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature-extraction","display_name":"Feature extraction","score":0.25455567240715027}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8599663972854614},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C148417208","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4825882","display_name":"Authentication (law)","level":2,"score":0.7109155058860779},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C109297577","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161157","display_name":"Password","level":2,"score":0.6108196377754211},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.6102057695388794},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108583219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep learning","level":2,"score":0.5040770769119263},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C35578498","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193424","display_name":"Web service","level":2,"score":0.4800480604171753},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780378061","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25351891","display_name":"Service (business)","level":2,"score":0.45291611552238464},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C93996380","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q44127","display_name":"Server","level":2,"score":0.4295632839202881},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31510193","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1192553","display_name":"Facial recognition system","level":3,"score":0.4185195863246918},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.40376338362693787},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136764020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466","display_name":"World Wide Web","level":1,"score":0.34745752811431885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C52622490","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1026626","display_name":"Feature extraction","level":2,"score":0.25455567240715027},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136264566","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q159810","display_name":"Economy","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tdsc.2021.3067794","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tdsc.2021.3067794","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S133795288","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Dependable and Secure Computing","issn_l":"1545-5971","issn":["1545-5971","1941-0018","2160-9209"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320439","host_organization_name":"IEEE Computer Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320439","https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IEEE Computer Society","Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Dependable and Secure Computing","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.699999988079071,"display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6095561925","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"CNS-2027398","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335353","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation of Sri Lanka"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7001550128","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"DGE-1946619","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335353","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation of Sri Lanka"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335353","display_name":"National Science Foundation of Sri Lanka","ror":"https://ror.org/010xaa060"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":80,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W73527130","https://openalex.org/W1665214252","https://openalex.org/W1673923490","https://openalex.org/W1849277567","https://openalex.org/W1945616565","https://openalex.org/W1995875735","https://openalex.org/W2069165391","https://openalex.org/W2096733369","https://openalex.org/W2112507308","https://openalex.org/W2162552722","https://openalex.org/W2167529272","https://openalex.org/W2180612164","https://openalex.org/W2243397390","https://openalex.org/W2296452361","https://openalex.org/W2341528187","https://openalex.org/W2535873859","https://openalex.org/W2543927648","https://openalex.org/W2607219512","https://openalex.org/W2618043096","https://openalex.org/W2727966874","https://openalex.org/W2748074830","https://openalex.org/W2748789698","https://openalex.org/W2753783305","https://openalex.org/W2765424254","https://openalex.org/W2766977185","https://openalex.org/W2768718880","https://openalex.org/W2770312844","https://openalex.org/W2781800156","https://openalex.org/W2785509559","https://openalex.org/W2788741149","https://openalex.org/W2793931959","https://openalex.org/W2798302089","https://openalex.org/W2805104469","https://openalex.org/W2807363941","https://openalex.org/W2901232240","https://openalex.org/W2910603373","https://openalex.org/W2934843808","https://openalex.org/W2945793108","https://openalex.org/W2950468330","https://openalex.org/W2963047332","https://openalex.org/W2963149332","https://openalex.org/W2963303354","https://openalex.org/W2963389226","https://openalex.org/W2963542245","https://openalex.org/W2963839617","https://openalex.org/W2963844355","https://openalex.org/W2964043980","https://openalex.org/W2969695741","https://openalex.org/W2973414778","https://openalex.org/W2982021432","https://openalex.org/W2990270730","https://openalex.org/W2995245581","https://openalex.org/W3035182590","https://openalex.org/W3042760775","https://openalex.org/W3101998545","https://openalex.org/W3102720581","https://openalex.org/W3103557498","https://openalex.org/W4252979261","https://openalex.org/W4293846201","https://openalex.org/W4298140072","https://openalex.org/W4300511536","https://openalex.org/W6603010935","https://openalex.org/W6637162671","https://openalex.org/W6640425456","https://openalex.org/W6676935882","https://openalex.org/W6684011098","https://openalex.org/W6729756640","https://openalex.org/W6734787559","https://openalex.org/W6740446203","https://openalex.org/W6742113789","https://openalex.org/W6743048048","https://openalex.org/W6743581629","https://openalex.org/W6746295503","https://openalex.org/W6748233343","https://openalex.org/W6749794497","https://openalex.org/W6750462152","https://openalex.org/W6762624066","https://openalex.org/W6769304406","https://openalex.org/W6771468614","https://openalex.org/W6780373310"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W143386018","https://openalex.org/W1004582678","https://openalex.org/W2115218409","https://openalex.org/W1989237518","https://openalex.org/W2581116669","https://openalex.org/W2090949570","https://openalex.org/W2263162522","https://openalex.org/W90898346","https://openalex.org/W2134080857","https://openalex.org/W2002093701"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Facial":[0],"authentication":[1,27,106,152],"has":[2,18],"become":[3],"more":[4,6,191],"and":[5,130,181],"popular":[7],"on":[8,37,54,73,87,178],"personal":[9],"devices.":[10],"Due":[11],"to":[12,21,38,102,123,139,143,168],"the":[13,29,49,58,74,103,128,146,149],"ease":[14],"of":[15,52,77,97,127,135],"use,":[16],"it":[17],"great":[19],"potential":[20],"be":[22],"widely":[23],"deployed":[24],"for":[25,67],"web-service":[26,79,104],"in":[28,148],"near":[30],"future":[31],"whereby":[32],"people":[33],"can":[34],"easily":[35,144],"log":[36],"online":[39],"accounts":[40],"from":[41],"different":[42],"devices":[43],"without":[44],"memorizing":[45],"lengthy":[46],"passwords.":[47],"However,":[48],"growing":[50],"number":[51],"attacks":[53],"machine":[55,90],"learning":[56,91,166],"especially":[57],"Deep":[59],"Neural":[60],"Networks":[61],"(DNN)":[62],"which":[63],"is":[64],"commonly":[65],"used":[66],"facial":[68,105,151],"recognition,":[69],"imposes":[70],"big":[71],"challenges":[72],"successful":[75],"roll-out":[76],"such":[78,171],"face":[80],"authentication.":[81],"Although":[82],"there":[83],"have":[84,124,174],"been":[85],"studies":[86],"defending":[88],"some":[89],"attacks,":[92],"we":[93,111],"are":[94],"not":[95,121],"aware":[96],"any":[98,125],"specific":[99],"effort":[100],"devoted":[101],"setting.":[107],"In":[108],"this":[109],"article,":[110],"first":[112],"demonstrate":[113],"a":[114,133,157],"new":[115],"data":[116],"poisoning":[117],"attack":[118],"that":[119,163,186],"does":[120],"require":[122],"knowledge":[126],"server-side":[129],"just":[131],"needs":[132],"handful":[134],"malicious":[136],"photo":[137],"injections":[138],"enable":[140],"an":[141],"attacker":[142],"impersonate":[145],"victim":[147],"existing":[150],"systems.":[153],"We":[154,173],"then":[155],"propose":[156],"novel":[158],"defensive":[159,188],"approach":[160,189],"called":[161],"DEFEAT":[162],"leverages":[164],"deep":[165],"techniques":[167],"automatically":[169],"detect":[170],"attacks.":[172],"conducted":[175],"extensive":[176],"experiments":[177],"real":[179],"datasets":[180],"our":[182,187],"experimental":[183],"results":[184],"show":[185],"achieves":[190],"than":[192],"90":[193],"percent":[194],"detection":[195],"accuracy.":[196]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-03-07T16:01:11.037858","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
