{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3083695099","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tdsc.2020.3021686","title":"Fee-Free Pooled Mining for Countering Pool-Hopping Attack in Blockchain","display_name":"Fee-Free Pooled Mining for Countering Pool-Hopping Attack in Blockchain","publication_year":2020,"publication_date":"2020-09-04","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3083695099","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tdsc.2020.3021686","mag":"3083695099"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tdsc.2020.3021686","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tdsc.2020.3021686","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S133795288","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Dependable and Secure Computing","issn_l":"1545-5971","issn":["1545-5971","1941-0018","2160-9209"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320439","host_organization_name":"IEEE Computer Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320439","https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IEEE Computer Society","Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Dependable and Secure Computing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5088621811","display_name":"Hongwei Shi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6854-7385"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I25254941","display_name":"Beijing Normal University","ror":"https://ror.org/022k4wk35","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I25254941"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hongwei Shi","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Artificial Intelligence, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Artificial Intelligence, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I25254941"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5041386552","display_name":"Shengling Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6698-3623"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I25254941","display_name":"Beijing Normal University","ror":"https://ror.org/022k4wk35","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I25254941"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shengling Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Artificial Intelligence, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Artificial Intelligence, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I25254941"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5073501368","display_name":"Qin Hu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8847-8345"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I55769427","display_name":"Indiana University \u2013 Purdue University Indianapolis","ror":"https://ror.org/05gxnyn08","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I55769427","https://openalex.org/I592451"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Qin Hu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer and Information Science, Indiana University - Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, IN, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer and Information Science, Indiana University - Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, IN, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I55769427"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100692488","display_name":"Xiuzhen Cheng","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5912-4647"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I193531525","display_name":"George Washington University","ror":"https://ror.org/00y4zzh67","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I193531525"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xiuzhen Cheng","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I193531525"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5027033026","display_name":"Junshan Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3840-1753"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I55732556","display_name":"Arizona State University","ror":"https://ror.org/03efmqc40","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I55732556"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Junshan Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electrical, Computer and Energy Engineering, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical, Computer and Energy Engineering, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I55732556"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100624236","display_name":"Jiguo Yu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6451-1158"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I152269853","display_name":"Qilu University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/04hyzq608","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I152269853"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210142748","display_name":"Shandong Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/04y8d6y55","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210142748"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jiguo Yu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science and Technology, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science and Technology, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I152269853","https://openalex.org/I4210142748"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":4.6259,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":21,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.95370167,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"1"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10270","display_name":"Blockchain Technology Applications and Security","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10270","display_name":"Blockchain Technology Applications and Security","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11182","display_name":"Auction Theory and Applications","score":0.927299976348877,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1803","display_name":"Management Science and Operations Research"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/18","display_name":"Decision Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/incentive","display_name":"Incentive","score":0.6910571455955505},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.507845938205719},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.4654821455478668},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/blockchain","display_name":"Blockchain","score":0.4570813477039337},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/business","display_name":"Business","score":0.42785003781318665},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/game-theory","display_name":"Game theory","score":0.4154529571533203},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/environmental-economics","display_name":"Environmental economics","score":0.32165974378585815},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/microeconomics","display_name":"Microeconomics","score":0.30130302906036377},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/economics","display_name":"Economics","score":0.20926111936569214}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C29122968","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1414816","display_name":"Incentive","level":2,"score":0.6910571455955505},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.507845938205719},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.4654821455478668},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779687700","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q20514253","display_name":"Blockchain","level":2,"score":0.4570813477039337},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.42785003781318665},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177142836","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q44455","display_name":"Game theory","level":2,"score":0.4154529571533203},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134560507","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q753291","display_name":"Environmental economics","level":1,"score":0.32165974378585815},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C175444787","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q39072","display_name":"Microeconomics","level":1,"score":0.30130302906036377},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.20926111936569214}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tdsc.2020.3021686","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tdsc.2020.3021686","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S133795288","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Dependable and Secure Computing","issn_l":"1545-5971","issn":["1545-5971","1941-0018","2160-9209"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320439","host_organization_name":"IEEE Computer Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320439","https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IEEE Computer Society","Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Dependable and Secure Computing","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/12","score":0.44999998807907104,"display_name":"Responsible consumption and production"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1504478148","display_name":"\u9762\u5411\u591a\u5740MIMO\u7684\u534f\u4f5c\u5e72\u6270\u7b56\u7565\u7814\u7a76","funder_award_id":"61771289","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4443711357","display_name":"\u57fa\u4e8e\u591a\u4f20\u8f93\u673a\u5236\u7684\u65e0\u7ebf\u7f51\u7edc\u5206\u5e03\u5f0f\u8ba1\u7b97","funder_award_id":"61672321","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5875564487","display_name":"\u57fa\u4e8e\u7f51\u7edc\u535a\u5f08\u52a8\u529b\u5b66\u7684\u53cd\u6076\u610f\u4f17\u5305\u7814\u7a76","funder_award_id":"61772080","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7163822104","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"61832012","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":31,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1523833175","https://openalex.org/W1581121707","https://openalex.org/W1820692873","https://openalex.org/W1851144268","https://openalex.org/W1976450472","https://openalex.org/W2103863878","https://openalex.org/W2129763443","https://openalex.org/W2157067735","https://openalex.org/W2263222003","https://openalex.org/W2295506186","https://openalex.org/W2547676993","https://openalex.org/W2570815113","https://openalex.org/W2735408259","https://openalex.org/W2793291994","https://openalex.org/W2808565408","https://openalex.org/W2901770766","https://openalex.org/W2905867785","https://openalex.org/W2919781810","https://openalex.org/W2944490618","https://openalex.org/W2949979718","https://openalex.org/W2963403391","https://openalex.org/W3151748982","https://openalex.org/W4211068006","https://openalex.org/W4248175462","https://openalex.org/W6631441790","https://openalex.org/W6634793266","https://openalex.org/W6638920519","https://openalex.org/W6683141024","https://openalex.org/W6693277972","https://openalex.org/W6762184473","https://openalex.org/W6793285265"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4210406818","https://openalex.org/W4306779889","https://openalex.org/W3048554917","https://openalex.org/W3211706803","https://openalex.org/W4382775358","https://openalex.org/W4246942721","https://openalex.org/W3209862047","https://openalex.org/W4386732777","https://openalex.org/W4304136894","https://openalex.org/W2989851257"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,18,171],"pool-hopping":[1],"attack":[2],"casts":[3],"down":[4],"the":[5,10,45,49,54,56,65,72,104,119,143,163,167,188],"expected":[6],"profits":[7],"of":[8,52,59,173,190],"both":[9,132],"mining":[11,81,107],"pool":[12,29,149,164],"and":[13,24,134,137,184],"honest":[14,168],"miners":[15,35,89,169],"in":[16,41,64,93,131],"Blockchain.":[17],"mainstream":[19],"countermeasures,":[20],"namely":[21],"PPS":[22],"(pay-per-share)":[23],"PPLNS":[25],"(pay-per-last-N-share),":[26],"can":[27,128,141],"hedge":[28],"hopping":[30],"but":[31],"need":[32],"to":[33,62,76,91,151],"charge":[34],"some":[36],"fees":[37],"when":[38,153],"they":[39],"join":[40],"a":[42,60,78,148,154],"pool.":[43,66],"Obviously,":[44],"higher":[46,50],"fee":[47,100,115],"charged,":[48],"cost":[51],"joining":[53],"pool,":[55],"less":[57],"motivation":[58],"miner":[61,120,155],"mine":[63],"In":[67,102],"this":[68],"article,":[69],"we":[70],"apply":[71],"zero-determinant":[73],"(ZD)":[74],"theory":[75],"design":[77],"novel":[79],"pooled":[80,106],"which":[82],"offers":[83],"an":[84],"incentive":[85],"mechanism":[86],"for":[87],"motivating":[88],"not":[90,122,157],"switch":[92],"pools":[94],"strategically":[95],"by":[96],"economic":[97],"means":[98],"without":[99],"charged.":[101],"short,":[103],"proposed":[105],"has":[108,150],"three":[109],"unique":[110],"features:":[111],"1)":[112],"fee-free.":[113],"No":[114],"is":[116],"charged":[117],"if":[118],"does":[121,156],"hop,":[123],"2)":[124],"wide":[125],"applicability.":[126],"It":[127],"be":[129],"employed":[130],"prepaid":[133],"postpaid":[135],"mechanisms,":[136],"3)":[138],"fairness.":[139],"Even":[140],"dominate":[142],"game":[144],"with":[145],"any":[146],"miner,":[147],"cooperate":[152],"hop":[158],"among":[159],"pools,":[160],"implying":[161],"that":[162],"cannot":[165],"squeeze":[166],"financially.":[170],"fairness":[172],"our":[174,191],"scheme":[175],"makes":[176],"it":[177],"have":[178],"long-term":[179],"sustainability.":[180],"Both":[181],"theoretical":[182],"analyses":[183],"numerical":[185],"simulations":[186],"demonstrate":[187],"effectiveness":[189],"scheme.":[192]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}