{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3134862253","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tdsc.2019.2921773","title":"Extracting Randomness from the Trend of IPI for Cryptographic Operations in Implantable Medical Devices","display_name":"Extracting Randomness from the Trend of IPI for Cryptographic Operations in Implantable Medical Devices","publication_year":2019,"publication_date":"2019-06-07","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3134862253","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tdsc.2019.2921773","mag":"3134862253"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tdsc.2019.2921773","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tdsc.2019.2921773","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S133795288","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Dependable and Secure Computing","issn_l":"1545-5971","issn":["1545-5971","1941-0018","2160-9209"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320439","host_organization_name":"IEEE Computer Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320439","https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IEEE Computer Society","Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Dependable and Secure Computing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5042356259","display_name":"Hassan Chizari","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6253-1822"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I114203471","display_name":"University of Gloucestershire","ror":"https://ror.org/00wygct11","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I114203471"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I47508984","display_name":"Imperial College London","ror":"https://ror.org/041kmwe10","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I47508984"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Hassan Chizari","raw_affiliation_strings":["Imperial College London during this research, University of Gloucestershire, Cheltenham, United Kingdom","University of Gloucestershire, UK","was with Imperial College London, UK"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6253-1822","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Imperial College London during this research, University of Gloucestershire, Cheltenham, United Kingdom","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I114203471"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Gloucestershire, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I114203471"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"was with Imperial College London, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I47508984"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5065619732","display_name":"Emil Lupu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2844-3917"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I47508984","display_name":"Imperial College London","ror":"https://ror.org/041kmwe10","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I47508984"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Emil Lupu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom","is with Imperial College London, UK","was with Imperial College London, UK"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2844-3917","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I47508984"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"is with Imperial College London, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I47508984"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"was with Imperial College London, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I47508984"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5042356259"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I114203471","https://openalex.org/I47508984"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.7975,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":15,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.71160174,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"18","issue":"2","first_page":"875","last_page":"888"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11932","display_name":"Wireless Body Area Networks","score":0.9973000288009644,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11932","display_name":"Wireless Body Area Networks","score":0.9973000288009644,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11021","display_name":"ECG Monitoring and Analysis","score":0.989799976348877,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2705","display_name":"Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10429","display_name":"EEG and Brain-Computer Interfaces","score":0.9830999970436096,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/randomness","display_name":"Randomness","score":0.7931845188140869},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7251410484313965},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/robustness","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","score":0.6347730755805969},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cryptography","display_name":"Cryptography","score":0.5787423253059387},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/secrecy","display_name":"Secrecy","score":0.44954580068588257},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/key-generation","display_name":"Key generation","score":0.4361240863800049},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/theoretical-computer-science","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","score":0.328505277633667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.27033308148384094},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/statistics","display_name":"Statistics","score":0.20827829837799072},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.19366240501403809}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C125112378","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176640","display_name":"Randomness","level":2,"score":0.7931845188140869},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7251410484313965},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C63479239","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7353546","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","level":3,"score":0.6347730755805969},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C178489894","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8789","display_name":"Cryptography","level":2,"score":0.5787423253059387},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776452267","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1503443","display_name":"Secrecy","level":2,"score":0.44954580068588257},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163173736","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3308558","display_name":"Key generation","level":3,"score":0.4361240863800049},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C80444323","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2878974","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","level":1,"score":0.328505277633667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.27033308148384094},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.20827829837799072},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.19366240501403809},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104317684","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7187","display_name":"Gene","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55493867","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7094","display_name":"Biochemistry","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tdsc.2019.2921773","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tdsc.2019.2921773","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S133795288","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Dependable and Secure Computing","issn_l":"1545-5971","issn":["1545-5971","1941-0018","2160-9209"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320439","host_organization_name":"IEEE Computer Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320439","https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IEEE Computer Society","Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Dependable and Secure Computing","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai::10773","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":null,"pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402443","display_name":"Munich Personal RePEc Archive (Munich University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I62916508","host_organization_name":"Technical University of Munich","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I62916508"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:eprints.glos.ac.uk:10773","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6253-1822","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400522","display_name":"Research Repository (University of Gloucestershire)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I114203471","host_organization_name":"University of Gloucestershire","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I114203471"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"PeerReviewed"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Partnerships for the goals","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/17","score":0.4399999976158142}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8440096912","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"EP/N023242/1","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334627","funder_display_name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334627","display_name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council","ror":"https://ror.org/0439y7842"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":63,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W168352792","https://openalex.org/W1483547755","https://openalex.org/W1517403092","https://openalex.org/W1565825153","https://openalex.org/W1582026527","https://openalex.org/W1600110282","https://openalex.org/W1673744999","https://openalex.org/W1850040365","https://openalex.org/W1963898916","https://openalex.org/W1973458549","https://openalex.org/W1976121528","https://openalex.org/W1977568210","https://openalex.org/W1982949165","https://openalex.org/W1991422642","https://openalex.org/W1995875735","https://openalex.org/W2006873322","https://openalex.org/W2020542205","https://openalex.org/W2035889426","https://openalex.org/W2043419861","https://openalex.org/W2045462474","https://openalex.org/W2046908600","https://openalex.org/W2049509357","https://openalex.org/W2049699470","https://openalex.org/W2052403216","https://openalex.org/W2078144659","https://openalex.org/W2081784444","https://openalex.org/W2085831522","https://openalex.org/W2086687976","https://openalex.org/W2093733778","https://openalex.org/W2117944581","https://openalex.org/W2122235704","https://openalex.org/W2123097583","https://openalex.org/W2125310566","https://openalex.org/W2127150563","https://openalex.org/W2131405117","https://openalex.org/W2162800060","https://openalex.org/W2164332687","https://openalex.org/W2183581907","https://openalex.org/W2202549225","https://openalex.org/W2254371805","https://openalex.org/W2339266874","https://openalex.org/W2362587878","https://openalex.org/W2426409465","https://openalex.org/W2466335897","https://openalex.org/W2475567443","https://openalex.org/W2543233791","https://openalex.org/W2545701916","https://openalex.org/W2584074397","https://openalex.org/W2595386873","https://openalex.org/W2707766930","https://openalex.org/W2963803153","https://openalex.org/W4243494487","https://openalex.org/W4300580367","https://openalex.org/W4300840064","https://openalex.org/W6628834570","https://openalex.org/W6634866384","https://openalex.org/W6646215617","https://openalex.org/W6662113671","https://openalex.org/W6678979024","https://openalex.org/W6678981362","https://openalex.org/W6691510511","https://openalex.org/W6740274503","https://openalex.org/W6863505571"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2493929861","https://openalex.org/W2475541339","https://openalex.org/W2107199751","https://openalex.org/W565335793","https://openalex.org/W2363071176","https://openalex.org/W3034924094","https://openalex.org/W1488708774","https://openalex.org/W3094954546","https://openalex.org/W2906312651","https://openalex.org/W4280526795"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Achieving":[0],"secure":[1,334],"communication":[2,353],"between":[3,351],"an":[4],"Implantable":[5],"Medical":[6],"Device":[7],"(IMD)":[8],"and":[9,32,55,69,139,190,216,267,276,287,291,306,327,366,393],"a":[10,45,171,199,219,225,249,252,308,323,344,364,390],"gateway":[11],"or":[12],"programming":[13],"device":[14],"outside":[15],"the":[16,52,99,103,149,175,240,272,284,314,352,368,374,381,398],"body":[17,100],"has":[18],"showed":[19],"its":[20,64,137,246],"criticality":[21],"in":[22,27,157,336,384],"recent":[23,300],"reports":[24],"of":[25,39,115,202,224,242,245,313,357,370,376,400],"vulnerabilities":[26],"cardiac":[28],"devices,":[29],"insulin":[30],"pumps":[31],"neural":[33],"implants,":[34],"amongst":[35],"others.":[36],"The":[37,107,355],"use":[38,239,283],"asymmetric":[40],"cryptography":[41,60],"is":[42,61,89,233,295,320,380],"typically":[43],"not":[44,153,213,322],"practical":[46],"solution":[47,79],"for":[48,160,182,188,195,251],"IMDs":[49],"due":[50],"to":[51,76,80,90,173,238,278,297,333,347,396],"scarce":[53],"computational":[54],"power":[56],"resources.":[57],"Symmetric":[58],"key":[59,332],"preferred":[62],"but":[63],"security":[65],"relies":[66],"on":[67,123],"agreeing":[68],"using":[70,86,198],"strong":[71,82,113,226,324],"keys,":[72],"which":[73,387],"are":[74],"difficult":[75],"generate.":[77],"A":[78],"generate":[81],"shared":[83],"keys":[84,350],"without":[85],"extensive":[87],"resources,":[88],"extract":[91],"them":[92],"from":[93,136,142,163,230,261,304],"physiological":[94,108,401],"signals":[95,109],"already":[96],"present":[97],"inside":[98],"such":[101,389],"as":[102,218,248,331,343],"Inter-Pulse":[104],"interval":[105],"(IPI).":[106],"must":[110],"therefore":[111],"be":[112,329,341,361],"sources":[114,192],"randomness":[116,161,220,254,301,399],"that":[117,210,269,293,312],"meet":[118],"five":[119],"conditions:":[120,178],"Universality":[121],"(available":[122,127],"all":[124,299],"people),":[125],"Liveness":[126],"at":[128,363],"any-time),":[129],"Robustness":[130,215,273],"(strong":[131],"random":[132,191,228,316,325],"number),":[133],"Permanence":[134,189,217,277],"(independent":[135,141],"history)":[138],"Uniqueness":[140],"other":[143],"sources).":[144],"However,":[145,338],"these":[146],"conditions":[147],"(mainly":[148],"last":[150,176],"three)":[151],"have":[152,214],"been":[154],"systematically":[155],"examined":[156],"current":[158],"methods":[159,303],"extraction":[162,223,255,302],"IPI.":[164],"In":[165],"this":[166,379,385],"study,":[167],"we":[168,208,236,282],"first":[169,382],"propose":[170,237],"methodology":[172],"measure":[174],"three":[177],"Information":[179],"secrecy":[180],"measures":[181],"Robustness,":[183],"Santha-Vazirani":[184],"Source":[185],"delta":[186],"value":[187],"dependency":[193],"analysis":[194],"Uniqueness.":[196],"Then,":[197],"large":[200,394],"dataset":[201,395],"IPI":[203,211,231,262],"values":[204,232],"(almost":[205],"900,000,000":[206],"IPIs),":[207],"show":[209,268,292],"does":[212],"source.":[221],"Thus,":[222],"uniform":[227],"number":[229,317,326],"impossible.":[234],"Third,":[235],"trend":[241],"IPI,":[243],"instead":[244],"value,":[247],"source":[250],"new":[253],"method":[256,392],"named":[257],"Martingale":[258],"Randomness":[259],"Extraction":[260],"(MRE-IPI).":[263],"We":[264],"evaluate":[265],"MRE-IPI":[266,294,319,358],"it":[270,339],"satisfies":[271],"condition":[274],"completely":[275],"some":[279],"level.":[280],"Finally,":[281],"NIST":[285],"STS":[286],"Dieharder":[288],"test":[289],"suites":[290],"able":[296],"outperform":[298],"IPIs":[305],"achieves":[307],"quality":[309],"roughly":[310],"half":[311],"AES":[315],"generator.":[318],"still":[321],"cannot":[328],"used":[330,342],"communications":[335],"general.":[337],"can":[340],"one-time":[345],"pad":[346],"securely":[348],"exchange":[349],"parties.":[354],"usage":[356],"will":[359],"thus":[360],"kept":[362],"minimum":[365],"reduces":[367],"probability":[369],"breaking":[371],"it.":[372],"To":[373],"best":[375],"our":[377],"knowledge,":[378],"work":[383],"area":[386],"uses":[388],"comprehensive":[391],"examine":[397],"signals.":[402]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
