{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3026365289","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tdsc.2019.2907240","title":"BiMorphing: A Bi-Directional Bursting Defense against Website Fingerprinting Attacks","display_name":"BiMorphing: A Bi-Directional Bursting Defense against Website Fingerprinting Attacks","publication_year":2019,"publication_date":"2019-03-25","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3026365289","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tdsc.2019.2907240","mag":"3026365289"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tdsc.2019.2907240","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tdsc.2019.2907240","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S133795288","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Dependable and Secure Computing","issn_l":"1545-5971","issn":["1545-5971","1941-0018","2160-9209"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320439","host_organization_name":"IEEE Computer Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320439","https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IEEE Computer Society","Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Dependable and Secure Computing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5051934139","display_name":"Khaled Al-Naami","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I162577319","display_name":"The University of Texas at Dallas","ror":"https://ror.org/049emcs32","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I162577319"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Khaled Al-Naami","raw_affiliation_strings":["Computer Science Department, The University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Computer Science Department, The University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I162577319"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5007628561","display_name":"Amir El-Ghamry","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4218-9441"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I159247623","display_name":"Mansoura University","ror":"https://ror.org/01k8vtd75","country_code":"EG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I159247623"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I162577319","display_name":"The University of Texas at Dallas","ror":"https://ror.org/049emcs32","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I162577319"]}],"countries":["EG","US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Amir El-Ghamry","raw_affiliation_strings":["Computer Science Department, The University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX, USA","Faculty of Computer and Information, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Computer Science Department, The University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I162577319"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Computer and Information, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I159247623"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5030076266","display_name":"Md Shihabul Islam","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8929-3003"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I162577319","display_name":"The University of Texas at Dallas","ror":"https://ror.org/049emcs32","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I162577319"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Md Shihabul Islam","raw_affiliation_strings":["Computer Science Department, The University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Computer Science Department, The University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I162577319"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5005002693","display_name":"Latifur Khan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9300-1576"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I162577319","display_name":"The University of Texas at Dallas","ror":"https://ror.org/049emcs32","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I162577319"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Latifur Khan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Computer Science Department, The University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Computer Science Department, The University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I162577319"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5072193842","display_name":"Bhavani Thuraisingham","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4653-2080"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I162577319","display_name":"The University of Texas at Dallas","ror":"https://ror.org/049emcs32","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I162577319"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Bhavani Thuraisingham","raw_affiliation_strings":["Computer Science Department, The University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Computer Science Department, The University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I162577319"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5051312448","display_name":"Kevin W. Hamlen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0479-6280"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I162577319","display_name":"The University of Texas at Dallas","ror":"https://ror.org/049emcs32","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I162577319"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kevin W. Hamlen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Computer Science Department, The University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Computer Science Department, The University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I162577319"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5028856944","display_name":"Mohammed F. Alrahmawy","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8978-8268"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I159247623","display_name":"Mansoura University","ror":"https://ror.org/01k8vtd75","country_code":"EG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I159247623"]}],"countries":["EG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mohammed Alrahmawy","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Computer and Information, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Computer and Information, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I159247623"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5012290726","display_name":"M. Z. Rashad","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1826-9791"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I159247623","display_name":"Mansoura University","ror":"https://ror.org/01k8vtd75","country_code":"EG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I159247623"]}],"countries":["EG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Magdi Z. Rashad","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Computer and Information, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Computer and Information, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I159247623"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":8,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5051934139"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I162577319"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":2.1003,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":37,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.90613921,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"18","issue":"2","first_page":"505","last_page":"517"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11598","display_name":"Internet Traffic Analysis and Secure E-voting","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11598","display_name":"Internet Traffic Analysis and Secure E-voting","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10400","display_name":"Network Security and Intrusion Detection","score":0.9984999895095825,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11644","display_name":"Spam and Phishing Detection","score":0.9912999868392944,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.832162618637085},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/anonymity","display_name":"Anonymity","score":0.7709080576896667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.6606388092041016},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/network-packet","display_name":"Network packet","score":0.6398454904556274},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/traffic-analysis","display_name":"Traffic analysis","score":0.6041642427444458},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/encryption","display_name":"Encryption","score":0.5377753973007202},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/the-internet","display_name":"The Internet","score":0.5303593277931213},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/overhead","display_name":"Overhead (engineering)","score":0.5168524384498596},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.480841726064682},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/world-wide-web","display_name":"World Wide Web","score":0.2985886335372925}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.832162618637085},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C178005623","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q308859","display_name":"Anonymity","level":2,"score":0.7709080576896667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.6606388092041016},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158379750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q214111","display_name":"Network packet","level":2,"score":0.6398454904556274},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781317605","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7832483","display_name":"Traffic analysis","level":2,"score":0.6041642427444458},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C148730421","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141090","display_name":"Encryption","level":2,"score":0.5377753973007202},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C110875604","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q75","display_name":"The Internet","level":2,"score":0.5303593277931213},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779960059","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7113681","display_name":"Overhead (engineering)","level":2,"score":0.5168524384498596},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.480841726064682},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136764020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466","display_name":"World Wide Web","level":1,"score":0.2985886335372925},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tdsc.2019.2907240","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tdsc.2019.2907240","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S133795288","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Dependable and Secure Computing","issn_l":"1545-5971","issn":["1545-5971","1941-0018","2160-9209"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320439","host_organization_name":"IEEE Computer Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320439","https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IEEE Computer Society","Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Dependable and Secure Computing","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","score":0.7900000214576721,"display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2453357443","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"FA9550-12-1-0077","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320338279","funder_display_name":"Air Force Office of Scientific Research"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5517596624","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"1054629","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8985203359","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"FA9550-14-1-0173","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320338279","funder_display_name":"Air Force Office of Scientific Research"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","display_name":"National Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/021nxhr62"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320338279","display_name":"Air Force Office of Scientific Research","ror":"https://ror.org/011e9bt93"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":32,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W581715313","https://openalex.org/W1567366855","https://openalex.org/W1608222975","https://openalex.org/W1655958391","https://openalex.org/W1866884617","https://openalex.org/W1907660108","https://openalex.org/W1916902331","https://openalex.org/W2012210084","https://openalex.org/W2021949962","https://openalex.org/W2101234009","https://openalex.org/W2103133870","https://openalex.org/W2108217512","https://openalex.org/W2120702739","https://openalex.org/W2135088779","https://openalex.org/W2135579486","https://openalex.org/W2149280729","https://openalex.org/W2170085959","https://openalex.org/W2250539671","https://openalex.org/W2272516773","https://openalex.org/W2485000773","https://openalex.org/W2490879758","https://openalex.org/W2560100125","https://openalex.org/W2752949934","https://openalex.org/W2963270948","https://openalex.org/W4285719527","https://openalex.org/W4294065829","https://openalex.org/W6636391385","https://openalex.org/W6640114481","https://openalex.org/W6675354045","https://openalex.org/W6682188453","https://openalex.org/W6693724512","https://openalex.org/W6744119509"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2834885115","https://openalex.org/W2590022098","https://openalex.org/W2119752897","https://openalex.org/W2523443373","https://openalex.org/W1545371006","https://openalex.org/W2117874351","https://openalex.org/W3166874438","https://openalex.org/W4289314221","https://openalex.org/W2161963552","https://openalex.org/W4206366499"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Network":[0],"traffic":[1,24,105,156,174],"analysis":[2,25,106],"has":[3],"been":[4,112,121],"increasingly":[5],"used":[6,38,178],"in":[7],"various":[8,109],"applications":[9],"to":[10,39,65,72,103,114,144,168,181,201],"either":[11],"protect":[12,73],"or":[13,61],"threaten":[14],"people,":[15],"information,":[16],"and":[17,69,164,172,191,198],"systems.":[18],"Website":[19],"fingerprinting":[20,148],"is":[21,33,80],"a":[22,34,43,50,101,140],"passive":[23,117],"attack":[26],"which":[27,99],"threatens":[28],"web":[29],"navigation":[30],"privacy.":[31,75],"It":[32],"set":[35],"of":[36,45,96,132,161],"techniques":[37,167],"discover":[40],"patterns":[41,157],"from":[42],"sequence":[44],"network":[46,79],"packets":[47],"generated":[48],"while":[49],"user":[51],"accesses":[52],"different":[53],"websites.":[54,183],"Internet":[55],"users":[56],"(such":[57],"as":[58,89],"online":[59,70],"activists":[60],"journalists)":[62],"may":[63],"wish":[64],"hide":[66],"their":[67,74],"identity":[68],"activity":[71],"Typically,":[76],"an":[77],"anonymity":[78,86],"utilized":[81],"for":[82],"this":[83,116,136],"purpose.":[84],"These":[85],"networks":[87],"such":[88,133],"Tor":[90],"(The":[91],"Onion":[92],"Router)":[93],"provide":[94],"layers":[95],"data":[97],"encryption":[98],"poses":[100],"challenge":[102],"the":[104,128,146,159,202],"techniques.":[107],"Although":[108],"defenses":[110],"have":[111,120],"proposed":[113,151],"counteract":[115,145],"attack,":[118],"they":[119],"penetrated":[122],"by":[123,179],"new":[124],"attacks":[125],"that":[126],"proved":[127],"ineffectiveness":[129],"and/or":[130],"impracticality":[131],"defenses.":[134],"In":[135],"work,":[137],"we":[138],"introduce":[139],"novel":[141],"defense":[142,152,187],"algorithm":[143],"website":[147,155],"attacks.":[149],"The":[150],"obfuscates":[153],"original":[154],"through":[158],"use":[160],"double":[162],"sampling":[163],"mathematical":[165],"optimization":[166],"deform":[169],"packet":[170],"sequences":[171],"destroy":[173],"flow":[175],"dependency":[176],"characteristics":[177],"attackers":[180],"identify":[182],"We":[184],"evaluate":[185],"our":[186],"against":[188],"state-of-the-art":[189],"studies":[190],"show":[192],"its":[193],"effectiveness":[194],"with":[195],"minimal":[196],"overhead":[197],"zero-delay":[199],"transmission":[200],"real":[203],"traffic.":[204]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":6}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
