{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2793458540","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tdsc.2018.2817545","title":"CAFE: A Virtualization-Based Approach to Protecting Sensitive Cloud Application Logic Confidentiality","display_name":"CAFE: A Virtualization-Based Approach to Protecting Sensitive Cloud Application Logic Confidentiality","publication_year":2018,"publication_date":"2018-03-22","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2793458540","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tdsc.2018.2817545","mag":"2793458540"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tdsc.2018.2817545","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tdsc.2018.2817545","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S133795288","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Dependable and Secure Computing","issn_l":"1545-5971","issn":["1545-5971","1941-0018","2160-9209"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320439","host_organization_name":"IEEE Computer Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320439","https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IEEE Computer Society","Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Dependable and Secure Computing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100323626","display_name":"Sungjin Park","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0080-217X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I142401562","display_name":"Electronics and Telecommunications Research Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/03ysstz10","country_code":"KR","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I142401562","https://openalex.org/I2801339556","https://openalex.org/I4210144908","https://openalex.org/I4387152098"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sungjin Park","raw_affiliation_strings":["System Research Division, Attached Institute of ETRI, Daejeon, Korea"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0080-217X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"System Research Division, Attached Institute of ETRI, Daejeon, Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I142401562"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101947406","display_name":"Chung Hwan Kim","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0985-8439"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I118347220","display_name":"NEC (Japan)","ror":"https://ror.org/04jndar25","country_code":"JP","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I118347220"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chung Hwan Kim","raw_affiliation_strings":["Computer Security Department, NEC Labs America, Princeton"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Computer Security Department, NEC Labs America, Princeton","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I118347220"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5054561146","display_name":"Junghwan Rhee","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4043-9371"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Junghwan Rhee","raw_affiliation_strings":["Autonomic Management NEC Labs America, Princeton"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Autonomic Management NEC Labs America, Princeton","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5000779530","display_name":"Jong-Jin Won","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I142401562","display_name":"Electronics and Telecommunications Research Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/03ysstz10","country_code":"KR","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I142401562","https://openalex.org/I2801339556","https://openalex.org/I4210144908","https://openalex.org/I4387152098"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jong-Jin Won","raw_affiliation_strings":["System Research Division, Attached Institute of ETRI, Daejeon, Korea"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"System Research Division, Attached Institute of ETRI, Daejeon, Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I142401562"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101662993","display_name":"Taisook Han","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5211-5606"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I157485424","display_name":"Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05apxxy63","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I157485424"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Taisook Han","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computing, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, Korea"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5211-5606","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computing, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157485424"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5108280598","display_name":"Dongyan Xu","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I219193219","display_name":"Purdue University West Lafayette","ror":"https://ror.org/02dqehb95","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I219193219"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Dongyan Xu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I219193219"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.6552,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":7,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.75903691,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":96},"biblio":{"volume":"17","issue":"4","first_page":"883","last_page":"897"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11424","display_name":"Security and Verification in Computing","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11424","display_name":"Security and Verification in Computing","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11614","display_name":"Cloud Data Security Solutions","score":0.9969000220298767,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11241","display_name":"Advanced Malware Detection Techniques","score":0.9948999881744385,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cloud-computing","display_name":"Cloud computing","score":0.8350397348403931},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8342549800872803},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hypervisor","display_name":"Hypervisor","score":0.7295303344726562},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/virtualization","display_name":"Virtualization","score":0.5781881809234619},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/virtual-machine","display_name":"Virtual machine","score":0.5723341703414917},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/encryption","display_name":"Encryption","score":0.5388699173927307},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.5231424570083618},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reverse-engineering","display_name":"Reverse engineering","score":0.49530306458473206},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/operating-system","display_name":"Operating system","score":0.4950789511203766},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cloud-computing-security","display_name":"Cloud computing security","score":0.46319976449012756},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software-deployment","display_name":"Software deployment","score":0.45478546619415283},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software","display_name":"Software","score":0.44409477710723877},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cloud-testing","display_name":"Cloud testing","score":0.41119515895843506},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/distributed-computing","display_name":"Distributed computing","score":0.3561255931854248}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79974875","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q483639","display_name":"Cloud computing","level":2,"score":0.8350397348403931},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8342549800872803},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C112904061","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1077480","display_name":"Hypervisor","level":4,"score":0.7295303344726562},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C513985346","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q270471","display_name":"Virtualization","level":3,"score":0.5781881809234619},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C25344961","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192726","display_name":"Virtual machine","level":2,"score":0.5723341703414917},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C148730421","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141090","display_name":"Encryption","level":2,"score":0.5388699173927307},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.5231424570083618},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C207850805","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q269608","display_name":"Reverse engineering","level":2,"score":0.49530306458473206},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.4950789511203766},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C184842701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q370563","display_name":"Cloud computing security","level":3,"score":0.46319976449012756},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105339364","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2297740","display_name":"Software deployment","level":2,"score":0.45478546619415283},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777904410","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7397","display_name":"Software","level":2,"score":0.44409477710723877},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120115606","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5135723","display_name":"Cloud testing","level":4,"score":0.41119515895843506},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120314980","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180634","display_name":"Distributed computing","level":1,"score":0.3561255931854248}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tdsc.2018.2817545","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tdsc.2018.2817545","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S133795288","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Dependable and Secure Computing","issn_l":"1545-5971","issn":["1545-5971","1941-0018","2160-9209"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320439","host_organization_name":"IEEE Computer Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320439","https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IEEE Computer Society","Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Dependable and Secure Computing","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.6200000047683716,"display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":47,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W68569306","https://openalex.org/W109909280","https://openalex.org/W116627068","https://openalex.org/W1532107268","https://openalex.org/W1551162551","https://openalex.org/W1559498407","https://openalex.org/W1567046609","https://openalex.org/W1677118421","https://openalex.org/W1818122591","https://openalex.org/W1852007091","https://openalex.org/W2007172558","https://openalex.org/W2014517322","https://openalex.org/W2049629426","https://openalex.org/W2055259417","https://openalex.org/W2055981842","https://openalex.org/W2061643296","https://openalex.org/W2073294836","https://openalex.org/W2083499257","https://openalex.org/W2085416455","https://openalex.org/W2104644701","https://openalex.org/W2109770980","https://openalex.org/W2112735498","https://openalex.org/W2128159601","https://openalex.org/W2135274013","https://openalex.org/W2150709728","https://openalex.org/W2166462894","https://openalex.org/W2167804035","https://openalex.org/W2242924528","https://openalex.org/W2484015479","https://openalex.org/W2499097732","https://openalex.org/W2577111091","https://openalex.org/W2583196029","https://openalex.org/W2612012086","https://openalex.org/W2727025244","https://openalex.org/W2741593962","https://openalex.org/W3100917375","https://openalex.org/W4213154881","https://openalex.org/W4245435048","https://openalex.org/W6604490274","https://openalex.org/W6604743090","https://openalex.org/W6632907626","https://openalex.org/W6634033044","https://openalex.org/W6637299323","https://openalex.org/W6638906098","https://openalex.org/W6676488393","https://openalex.org/W6724144381","https://openalex.org/W6740257447"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2148749405","https://openalex.org/W2104105430","https://openalex.org/W1515917392","https://openalex.org/W2743348030","https://openalex.org/W1973516247","https://openalex.org/W1991063492","https://openalex.org/W2613320081","https://openalex.org/W2179519055","https://openalex.org/W2967546679","https://openalex.org/W4387237709"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Cloud":[0],"application":[1,119],"marketplaces":[2,40,158],"of":[3,50,54,107,111,117,174,187],"modern":[4],"cloud":[5,16,39,55,65,157,190],"infrastructures":[6,66],"offer":[7],"a":[8,59,86],"new":[9],"software":[10,27,34,69,150],"deployment":[11],"model,":[12],"integrated":[13],"with":[14,74,167],"the":[15,42,48,51,101,105,112,123,131,183],"environment":[17],"in":[18,85,148,156,189],"its":[19,91],"configuration":[20],"and":[21,36,115,122,129,176,185],"policies.":[22],"However,":[23],"similar":[24],"to":[25,126],"traditional":[26],"distribution":[28,116],"which":[29,109,152],"has":[30],"been":[31],"suffering":[32],"from":[33,78,137],"piracy":[35,80],"reverse":[37,82],"engineering,":[38],"face":[41],"same":[43],"challenges":[44],"that":[45,160],"can":[46,71,164],"deter":[47],"success":[49],"evolving":[52],"ecosystem":[53],"software.":[56],"We":[57,145],"present":[58],"novel":[60],"system":[61,93],"named":[62],"CAFE":[63,188],"for":[64,104],"where":[67],"sensitive":[68],"logic":[70,133],"be":[72,165],"executed":[73],"high":[75],"secrecy":[76],"protected":[77],"any":[79],"or":[81],"engineering":[83],"attempts":[84],"virtual":[87,139],"machine":[88],"even":[89],"when":[90],"operating":[92],"kernel":[94],"is":[95,100],"compromised.":[96],"The":[97,180],"key":[98],"mechanism":[99],"end-to-end":[102],"framework":[103],"execution":[106,163],"applications,":[108],"consists":[110],"secure":[113],"encryption":[114],"confidential":[118,162],"binary":[120],"files,":[121],"runtime":[124],"techniques":[125],"load,":[127],"decrypt,":[128],"protect":[130],"program":[132],"by":[134],"isolating":[135],"them":[136],"tenant":[138],"machines":[140],"based":[141],"on":[142],"hypervisor-level":[143],"techniques.":[144],"evaluate":[146],"applications":[147],"several":[149],"categories":[151],"are":[153],"commonly":[154],"offered":[155],"showing":[159],"strong":[161],"provided":[166],"only":[168],"marginal":[169],"changes":[170],"(around":[171],"100-220":[172],"lines":[173],"code)":[175],"minimal":[177],"performance":[178],"overhead.":[179],"results":[181],"demonstrate":[182],"effectiveness":[184],"practicality":[186],"marketplaces.":[191]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-03-27T05:58:40.876381","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}