{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2793827260","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tdsc.2018.2800048","title":"GaitLock: Protect Virtual and Augmented Reality Headsets Using Gait","display_name":"GaitLock: Protect Virtual and Augmented Reality Headsets Using Gait","publication_year":2018,"publication_date":"2018-01-31","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2793827260","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tdsc.2018.2800048","mag":"2793827260"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tdsc.2018.2800048","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tdsc.2018.2800048","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S133795288","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Dependable and Secure Computing","issn_l":"1545-5971","issn":["1545-5971","1941-0018","2160-9209"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320439","host_organization_name":"IEEE Computer Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320439","https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IEEE Computer Society","Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Dependable and Secure Computing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5013564110","display_name":"Yiran Shen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1385-1480"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I151727225","display_name":"Harbin Engineering University","ror":"https://ror.org/03x80pn82","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I151727225"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yiran Shen","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Computer Science and Technology, Harbin Engineering University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1385-1480","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Computer Science and Technology, Harbin Engineering University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I151727225"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5053684989","display_name":"Hongkai Wen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1159-090X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I39555362","display_name":"University of Warwick","ror":"https://ror.org/01a77tt86","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I39555362"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hongkai Wen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I39555362"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5060564734","display_name":"Chengwen Luo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0293-0781"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I180726961","display_name":"Shenzhen University","ror":"https://ror.org/01vy4gh70","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I180726961"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chengwen Luo","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Computer Science and Software Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0293-0781","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Computer Science and Software Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I180726961"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5036424879","display_name":"Weitao Xu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9741-5912"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I180726961","display_name":"Shenzhen University","ror":"https://ror.org/01vy4gh70","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I180726961"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Weitao Xu","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Computer Science and Software Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9741-5912","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Computer Science and Software Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I180726961"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100375823","display_name":"Tao Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6272-4069"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I151727225","display_name":"Harbin Engineering University","ror":"https://ror.org/03x80pn82","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I151727225"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tao Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Computer Science and Technology, Harbin Engineering University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6272-4069","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Computer Science and Technology, Harbin Engineering University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I151727225"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5042014818","display_name":"Wen Hu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4076-1811"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I31746571","display_name":"UNSW Sydney","ror":"https://ror.org/03r8z3t63","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I31746571"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wen Hu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science and Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science and Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I31746571"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5109457978","display_name":"Daniela Rus","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I63966007","display_name":"Massachusetts Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/042nb2s44","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I63966007"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Daniela Rus","raw_affiliation_strings":["Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I63966007"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":4,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":2.2151,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":85,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.87445834,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"16","issue":"3","first_page":"484","last_page":"497"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12740","display_name":"Gait Recognition and Analysis","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12740","display_name":"Gait Recognition and Analysis","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11512","display_name":"Anomaly Detection Techniques and Applications","score":0.9940999746322632,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10331","display_name":"Video Surveillance and Tracking Methods","score":0.9940000176429749,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/headset","display_name":"Headset","score":0.8984978199005127},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8191403746604919},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/virtual-reality","display_name":"Virtual reality","score":0.6251082420349121},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/augmented-reality","display_name":"Augmented reality","score":0.567293643951416},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/dynamic-time-warping","display_name":"Dynamic time warping","score":0.5309519171714783},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/human\u2013computer-interaction","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","score":0.41784995794296265},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/headphones","display_name":"Headphones","score":0.41067227721214294},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.40763595700263977},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.2908097505569458}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780657452","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1193170","display_name":"Headset","level":2,"score":0.8984978199005127},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8191403746604919},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C194969405","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q170519","display_name":"Virtual reality","level":2,"score":0.6251082420349121},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153715457","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q254183","display_name":"Augmented reality","level":2,"score":0.567293643951416},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C88516994","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1268863","display_name":"Dynamic time warping","level":2,"score":0.5309519171714783},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107457646","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207434","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","level":1,"score":0.41784995794296265},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781258422","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q186819","display_name":"Headphones","level":2,"score":0.41067227721214294},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.40763595700263977},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.2908097505569458},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tdsc.2018.2800048","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tdsc.2018.2800048","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S133795288","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Dependable and Secure Computing","issn_l":"1545-5971","issn":["1545-5971","1941-0018","2160-9209"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320439","host_organization_name":"IEEE Computer Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320439","https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IEEE Computer Society","Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Dependable and Secure Computing","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:wrap.warwick.ac.uk:119471","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://wrap.warwick.ac.uk/119471/","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400665","display_name":"Warwick Research Archive Portal (University of Warwick)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I39555362","host_organization_name":"University of Warwick","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I39555362"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Journal Article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1596450671","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"61702133","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4488843140","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"[U1713212]","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G566711750","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"QC2017069","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320323085","funder_display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of Heilongjiang Province"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6337269320","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"166875","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321543","funder_display_name":"China Postdoctoral Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7570340352","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"61602319","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321543","display_name":"China Postdoctoral Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/0426zh255"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320323085","display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of Heilongjiang Province","ror":null},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332195","display_name":"Samsung","ror":"https://ror.org/04w3jy968"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":57,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W39942585","https://openalex.org/W312190814","https://openalex.org/W313427955","https://openalex.org/W1492832934","https://openalex.org/W1572369853","https://openalex.org/W1947795953","https://openalex.org/W1968747446","https://openalex.org/W1983618555","https://openalex.org/W1989000482","https://openalex.org/W1992445246","https://openalex.org/W2006966072","https://openalex.org/W2022376209","https://openalex.org/W2034349221","https://openalex.org/W2034383054","https://openalex.org/W2047539221","https://openalex.org/W2060831328","https://openalex.org/W2069953037","https://openalex.org/W2070584460","https://openalex.org/W2097546075","https://openalex.org/W2098012923","https://openalex.org/W2105103777","https://openalex.org/W2125444986","https://openalex.org/W2128160875","https://openalex.org/W2129812935","https://openalex.org/W2135541996","https://openalex.org/W2141071145","https://openalex.org/W2145096794","https://openalex.org/W2146968264","https://openalex.org/W2149516292","https://openalex.org/W2151854612","https://openalex.org/W2154663802","https://openalex.org/W2157294617","https://openalex.org/W2223675464","https://openalex.org/W2335819971","https://openalex.org/W2397605099","https://openalex.org/W2402746099","https://openalex.org/W2404603298","https://openalex.org/W2515926042","https://openalex.org/W2516729977","https://openalex.org/W2605181596","https://openalex.org/W2613082162","https://openalex.org/W2762857745","https://openalex.org/W2962856527","https://openalex.org/W4244893849","https://openalex.org/W4247422159","https://openalex.org/W4248871779","https://openalex.org/W4250955649","https://openalex.org/W4255254846","https://openalex.org/W6601641602","https://openalex.org/W6610926752","https://openalex.org/W6629279466","https://openalex.org/W6634089503","https://openalex.org/W6640599407","https://openalex.org/W6678370884","https://openalex.org/W6713355746","https://openalex.org/W6713486973","https://openalex.org/W6745255015"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3124270296","https://openalex.org/W2609871445","https://openalex.org/W3153996027","https://openalex.org/W2980333521","https://openalex.org/W3163353324","https://openalex.org/W4306174248","https://openalex.org/W4385484948","https://openalex.org/W3141802803","https://openalex.org/W2557706410","https://openalex.org/W2889003880"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"With":[0],"the":[1,18,70,122,137,164,182,204,225],"fast":[2],"penetration":[3],"of":[4,21,166],"commercial":[5],"Virtual":[6],"Reality":[7,11],"(VR)":[8],"and":[9,31,46,76,84,171,197,218],"Augmented":[10],"(AR)":[12],"systems":[13,35,206],"into":[14],"our":[15],"daily":[16],"life,":[17],"security":[19,65],"issues":[20],"those":[22],"devices":[23,39],"have":[24],"attracted":[25],"significant":[26,64],"interests":[27],"from":[28,140,181],"both":[29],"academia":[30],"industry.":[32],"Modern":[33],"VR/AR":[34,133,227],"typically":[36],"use":[37],"head-mounted":[38],"(i.e.,":[40],"headsets)":[41],"to":[42,135,146,176,221],"interact":[43],"with":[44],"users,":[45],"often":[47],"store":[48],"private":[49],"user":[50],"data,":[51],"e.g.,":[52,81,113],"social":[53],"network":[54],"accounts,":[55],"online":[56],"transactions":[57],"or":[58,116],"even":[59],"payment":[60],"information.":[61],"This":[62],"poses":[63],"threats,":[66],"since":[67],"in":[68,129,208,215],"practice":[69],"headset":[71],"can":[72,99],"be":[73],"potentially":[74],"obtained":[75],"accessed":[77],"by":[78,142],"unauthenticated":[79],"parties,":[80],"identity":[82],"thieves,":[83],"thus":[85],"cause":[86],"catastrophic":[87],"breach.":[88],"In":[89],"this":[90],"paper,":[91],"we":[92,154],"propose":[93,155],"a":[94,148,156],"novel":[95],"GaitLock":[96,189,202],"system,":[97],"which":[98,162],"reliably":[100],"authenticate":[101,136],"users":[102,139],"using":[103],"their":[104],"gait":[105,158,179],"signatures.":[106],"Our":[107],"system":[108],"doesn't":[109],"require":[110],"extra":[111],"hardware,":[112],"fingerprint":[114],"sensors":[115],"retina":[117],"scanners,":[118],"but":[119],"only":[120],"uses":[121],"on-board":[123],"inertial":[124,183],"measurement":[125],"units":[126],"(IMUs)":[127],"equipped":[128],"almost":[130],"all":[131],"mainstream":[132],"headsets":[134,228],"legitimate":[138],"intruders,":[141],"simply":[143],"asking":[144],"them":[145],"walk":[147],"few":[149],"steps.":[150],"To":[151],"achieve":[152],"that,":[153],"new":[157],"recognition":[159,209],"model":[160],"Dynamic-SRC,":[161],"combines":[163],"strength":[165],"Dynamic":[167],"Time":[168],"Warping":[169],"(DTW)":[170],"Sparse":[172],"Representation":[173],"Classifier":[174],"(SRC),":[175],"extract":[177],"unique":[178],"patterns":[180],"signals":[184],"during":[185],"walking.":[186],"We":[187],"implement":[188],"on":[190,224],"Google":[191],"Glass":[192],"(a":[193],"typical":[194],"AR":[195],"headset),":[196],"extensive":[198],"experiments":[199],"show":[200],"that":[201],"outperforms":[203],"state-of-the-art":[205],"significantly":[207],"accuracy":[210],"(>":[211],"98":[212],"percent":[213],"success":[214],"5":[216],"steps),":[217],"is":[219],"able":[220],"run":[222],"in-situ":[223],"resource-constrained":[226],"without":[229],"incurring":[230],"high":[231],"energy":[232],"cost.":[233]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":19},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":18},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":5}],"updated_date":"2026-08-01T09:00:35.917206","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
