{"id":"https://openalex.org/W1967308747","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tdsc.2014.2355850","title":"Anonymous Two-Factor Authentication in Distributed Systems: Certain Goals Are Beyond Attainment","display_name":"Anonymous Two-Factor Authentication in Distributed Systems: Certain Goals Are Beyond Attainment","publication_year":2014,"publication_date":"2014-09-10","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W1967308747","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tdsc.2014.2355850","mag":"1967308747"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tdsc.2014.2355850","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tdsc.2014.2355850","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S133795288","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Dependable and Secure Computing","issn_l":"1545-5971","issn":["1545-5971","1941-0018","2160-9209"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320439","host_organization_name":"IEEE Computer Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320439","https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IEEE Computer Society","Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Dependable and Secure Computing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5030674762","display_name":"Ding Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1667-2237"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I20231570","display_name":"Peking University","ror":"https://ror.org/02v51f717","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I20231570"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ding Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electronics Engineering and Computer Science, Peking University, Beijing, P.R. China","[School of Electronics Engineering and Computer Science, Peking University, Beijing, P. R. China]"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electronics Engineering and Computer Science, Peking University, Beijing, P.R. China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I20231570"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"[School of Electronics Engineering and Computer Science, Peking University, Beijing, P. R. China]","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I20231570"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5025668908","display_name":"Debiao He","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2446-7436"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I37461747","display_name":"Wuhan University","ror":"https://ror.org/033vjfk17","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I37461747"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Debiao He","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Mathematics and Statistics, Wuhan University, Wuhan, P.R. China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Mathematics and Statistics, Wuhan University, Wuhan, P.R. China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I37461747"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100338689","display_name":"Ping Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8854-2079"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I20231570","display_name":"Peking University","ror":"https://ror.org/02v51f717","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I20231570"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ping Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electronics Engineering and Computer Science, Peking University, Beijing, P.R. China","[School of Electronics Engineering and Computer Science, Peking University, Beijing, P. R. China]"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electronics Engineering and Computer Science, Peking University, Beijing, P.R. China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I20231570"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"[School of Electronics Engineering and Computer Science, Peking University, Beijing, P. R. China]","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I20231570"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5091632693","display_name":"Chao\u2010Hsien Chu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6274-5153"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I130769515","display_name":"Pennsylvania State University","ror":"https://ror.org/04p491231","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I130769515"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chao-Hsien Chu","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Information Sciences and Technology, Pennsylvania State University, PA","[College of Information Sciences and Technology, Pennsylvania State University, PA]"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Information Sciences and Technology, Pennsylvania State University, PA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I130769515"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"[College of Information Sciences and Technology, Pennsylvania State University, PA]","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I130769515"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":97.8362,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":446,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99961428,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"12","issue":"4","first_page":"428","last_page":"442"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11800","display_name":"User Authentication and Security Systems","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11800","display_name":"User Authentication and Security Systems","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11504","display_name":"Advanced Authentication Protocols Security","score":0.9991999864578247,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10828","display_name":"Biometric Identification and Security","score":0.9700000286102295,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.793421745300293},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/usability","display_name":"Usability","score":0.6739840507507324},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.6452827453613281},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/authentication","display_name":"Authentication (law)","score":0.579609751701355},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scheme","display_name":"Scheme (mathematics)","score":0.5395616292953491},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/adversarial-system","display_name":"Adversarial system","score":0.5394786596298218},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/password","display_name":"Password","score":0.5341649651527405},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/multi-factor-authentication","display_name":"Multi-factor authentication","score":0.5310922861099243},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/factor","display_name":"Factor (programming language)","score":0.412598580121994},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/authentication-protocol","display_name":"Authentication protocol","score":0.3837797939777374},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/human\u2013computer-interaction","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","score":0.1414424180984497},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.10026490688323975}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.793421745300293},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C170130773","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q216378","display_name":"Usability","level":2,"score":0.6739840507507324},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.6452827453613281},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C148417208","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4825882","display_name":"Authentication (law)","level":2,"score":0.579609751701355},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77618280","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1155772","display_name":"Scheme (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.5395616292953491},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C37736160","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1801315","display_name":"Adversarial system","level":2,"score":0.5394786596298218},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C109297577","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161157","display_name":"Password","level":2,"score":0.5341649651527405},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C194699767","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7878662","display_name":"Multi-factor authentication","level":4,"score":0.5310922861099243},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781039887","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1391724","display_name":"Factor (programming language)","level":2,"score":0.412598580121994},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C21564112","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4825885","display_name":"Authentication protocol","level":3,"score":0.3837797939777374},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107457646","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207434","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","level":1,"score":0.1414424180984497},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.10026490688323975},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tdsc.2014.2355850","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tdsc.2014.2355850","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S133795288","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Dependable and Secure Computing","issn_l":"1545-5971","issn":["1545-5971","1941-0018","2160-9209"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320439","host_organization_name":"IEEE Computer Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320439","https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IEEE Computer Society","Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Dependable and Secure Computing","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Partnerships for the goals","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/17","score":0.5099999904632568}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6819595738","display_name":"\u4e91\u8ba1\u7b97\u73af\u5883\u4e0b\u7684\u533f\u540d\u591a\u56e0\u5b50\u8ba4\u8bc1\u534f\u8bae\u7814\u7a76","funder_award_id":"61472016","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8844354201","display_name":"\u6297\u5bc6\u94a5\u6cc4\u9732\u7684\u8eab\u4efd\u57fa\u7c7b\u52a0\u5bc6\u4f53\u5236\u53ca\u53ef\u8bc1\u660e\u5b89\u5168\u7814\u7a76","funder_award_id":"61370224","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320310419","display_name":"Pennsylvania State University","ror":"https://ror.org/04p491231"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320324787","display_name":"Peking University","ror":"https://ror.org/02v51f717"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":65,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W139533467","https://openalex.org/W1481832011","https://openalex.org/W1515465448","https://openalex.org/W1517505812","https://openalex.org/W1753839311","https://openalex.org/W1966841760","https://openalex.org/W1968514873","https://openalex.org/W1981342917","https://openalex.org/W1984116164","https://openalex.org/W1987091409","https://openalex.org/W1993087005","https://openalex.org/W1994538893","https://openalex.org/W1995261385","https://openalex.org/W1999139433","https://openalex.org/W2014123508","https://openalex.org/W2016239469","https://openalex.org/W2019380907","https://openalex.org/W2022945883","https://openalex.org/W2030248862","https://openalex.org/W2034222716","https://openalex.org/W2043851583","https://openalex.org/W2047862607","https://openalex.org/W2048755632","https://openalex.org/W2051201663","https://openalex.org/W2054857924","https://openalex.org/W2070188354","https://openalex.org/W2070453133","https://openalex.org/W2076392080","https://openalex.org/W2085992264","https://openalex.org/W2093798919","https://openalex.org/W2096473396","https://openalex.org/W2102713773","https://openalex.org/W2106103615","https://openalex.org/W2109878465","https://openalex.org/W2111197413","https://openalex.org/W2124926080","https://openalex.org/W2135934010","https://openalex.org/W2142351551","https://openalex.org/W2144016831","https://openalex.org/W2144342348","https://openalex.org/W2146221517","https://openalex.org/W2147883419","https://openalex.org/W2153281696","https://openalex.org/W2154056857","https://openalex.org/W2159047178","https://openalex.org/W2251667637","https://openalex.org/W2403411783","https://openalex.org/W2408705059","https://openalex.org/W2617211813","https://openalex.org/W2911424200","https://openalex.org/W3030377987","https://openalex.org/W3106397135","https://openalex.org/W4210300416","https://openalex.org/W4285719527","https://openalex.org/W6605690757","https://openalex.org/W6628975833","https://openalex.org/W6631052716","https://openalex.org/W6636380913","https://openalex.org/W6673984019","https://openalex.org/W6678448622","https://openalex.org/W6680861166","https://openalex.org/W6682172197","https://openalex.org/W6682852172","https://openalex.org/W6713188869","https://openalex.org/W6758715590"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2093798919","https://openalex.org/W3101929529","https://openalex.org/W2907262898","https://openalex.org/W2393298610","https://openalex.org/W2050433615","https://openalex.org/W2784017372","https://openalex.org/W2034419863","https://openalex.org/W3022695109","https://openalex.org/W2363363251","https://openalex.org/W2054202867"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Despite":[0],"two":[1,139],"decades":[2],"of":[3,27,51,66,83,209,235],"intensive":[4],"research,":[5],"it":[6,80],"remains":[7],"a":[8,12,67,84,130,192],"challenge":[9],"to":[10,32,58,98,128,133,195],"design":[11,171,234],"practical":[13],"anonymous":[14,225,236],"two-factor":[15,226,237],"authentication":[16],"scheme,":[17,149],"for":[18,224],"the":[19,99,120,163,170,178,196,207,211,215,220],"designers":[20],"are":[21,53,106,186],"confronted":[22],"with":[23],"an":[24,114],"impressive":[25],"list":[26],"security":[28,62,245],"requirements":[29,63],"(e.g.,":[30,40],"resistance":[31],"smart":[33],"card":[34],"loss":[35],"attack)":[36],"and":[37,147,153,166,246],"desirable":[38,121],"attributes":[39],"local":[41],"password":[42],"update).":[43],"Numerous":[44],"solutions":[45],"have":[46],"been":[47],"proposed,":[48],"yet":[49],"most":[50],"them":[52],"shortly":[54],"found":[55],"either":[56],"unable":[57],"satisfy":[59],"some":[60,151],"critical":[61],"or":[64,103],"short":[65],"few":[68],"important":[69],"features.":[70],"To":[71,206],"overcome":[72],"this":[73,124,134],"unsatisfactory":[74],"situation,":[75],"researchers":[76],"often":[77],"work":[78],"around":[79],"in":[81,155,204],"hopes":[82],"new":[85],"proposal":[86],"(but":[87],"no":[88],"one":[89],"has":[90],"succeeded":[91],"so":[92],"far),":[93],"while":[94],"paying":[95],"little":[96],"attention":[97],"fundamental":[100],"question:":[101],"whether":[102],"not":[104],"there":[105],"inherent":[107,164],"limitations":[108],"that":[109,117,239],"prevent":[110],"us":[111],"from":[112],"designing":[113,156],"\u201cideal\u201d":[115],"scheme":[116,146],"satisfies":[118],"all":[119],"goals?":[122],"In":[123],"work,":[125],"we":[126,160,229],"aim":[127],"provide":[129],"definite":[131],"answer":[132,194],"question.":[135],"We":[136],"first":[137,216],"revisit":[138],"foremost":[140],"proposals,":[141],"i.e.":[142],"Tsai":[143],"et":[144,202],"al.'s":[145],"Li's":[148],"revealing":[150],"subtleties":[152],"challenges":[154],"such":[157],"schemes.":[158],"Then,":[159],"systematically":[161],"explore":[162],"conflicts":[165],"unavoidable":[167],"trade-offs":[168,242],"among":[169,243],"criteria.":[172],"Our":[173],"results":[174],"indicate":[175],"that,":[176],"under":[177],"current":[179],"widely":[180],"accepted":[181],"adversarial":[182],"model,":[183],"certain":[184],"goals":[185],"beyond":[187],"attainment.":[188],"This":[189],"also":[190],"suggests":[191],"negative":[193],"open":[197],"problem":[198],"left":[199],"by":[200],"Huang":[201],"al.":[203],"2014.":[205],"best":[208],"knowledge,":[210],"present":[212],"study":[213],"makes":[214],"step":[217],"towards":[218],"understanding":[219],"underlying":[221],"evaluation":[222],"metric":[223],"authentication,":[227],"which":[228],"believe":[230],"will":[231],"facilitate":[232],"better":[233],"protocols":[238],"offer":[240],"acceptable":[241],"usability,":[244],"privacy.":[247]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":23},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":33},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":46},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":29},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":45},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":49},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":49},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":44},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":57},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":45},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":18},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-02-19T06:27:42.648592","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
