{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2056776002","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tdsc.2014.2302308","title":"PPTP: Privacy-Preserving Traffic Padding in Web-Based Applications","display_name":"PPTP: Privacy-Preserving Traffic Padding in Web-Based Applications","publication_year":2014,"publication_date":"2014-01-31","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2056776002","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tdsc.2014.2302308","mag":"2056776002"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tdsc.2014.2302308","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tdsc.2014.2302308","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S133795288","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Dependable and Secure Computing","issn_l":"1545-5971","issn":["1545-5971","1941-0018","2160-9209"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320439","host_organization_name":"IEEE Computer Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320439","https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IEEE Computer Society","Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Dependable and Secure Computing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5071378916","display_name":"Wen Ming Liu","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I60158472","display_name":"Concordia University","ror":"https://ror.org/0420zvk78","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I60158472"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wen Ming Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Concordia Institute for Information Systems Engineering, Concordia University, Montreal, QC, Canada","[Concordia Institute for Information Systems Engineering, Concordia University,Montreal,Canada]"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Concordia Institute for Information Systems Engineering, Concordia University, Montreal, QC, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I60158472"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"[Concordia Institute for Information Systems Engineering, Concordia University,Montreal,Canada]","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I60158472"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100730397","display_name":"Lingyu Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7441-7541"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I60158472","display_name":"Concordia University","ror":"https://ror.org/0420zvk78","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I60158472"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lingyu Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Concordia Institute for Information Systems Engineering, Concordia University, Montreal, QC, Canada","[Concordia Institute for Information Systems Engineering, Concordia University,Montreal,Canada]"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Concordia Institute for Information Systems Engineering, Concordia University, Montreal, QC, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I60158472"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"[Concordia Institute for Information Systems Engineering, Concordia University,Montreal,Canada]","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I60158472"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5062115546","display_name":"Pengsu Cheng","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Pengsu Cheng","raw_affiliation_strings":["Gameloft Inc., Montreal, QC, Canada","Gameloft Inc., Montreal, Canada"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Gameloft Inc., Montreal, QC, Canada","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Gameloft Inc., Montreal, Canada","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5000596496","display_name":"Kui Ren","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3441-6277"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I63190737","display_name":"University at Buffalo, State University of New York","ror":"https://ror.org/01y64my43","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I63190737"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kui Ren","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science and Engineering, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY","Department of Computer Science and Engineering, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo,#TAB#"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Engineering, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I63190737"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Engineering, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo,#TAB#","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I63190737"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101942006","display_name":"Shunzhi Zhu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8321-1169"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I75867142","display_name":"Xiamen University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01285e189","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I75867142"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shunzhi Zhu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science and Technology, Xiamen University of Technology, Xiamen, P.R. China","Department of Computer Science and Technology, Xiamen University of Technology, Xiamen 361024, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Technology, Xiamen University of Technology, Xiamen, P.R. China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I75867142"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Technology, Xiamen University of Technology, Xiamen 361024, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I75867142"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5028605138","display_name":"Mourad Debbabi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3015-3043"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I60158472","display_name":"Concordia University","ror":"https://ror.org/0420zvk78","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I60158472"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mourad Debbabi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Concordia Institute for Information Systems Engineering, Concordia University, Montreal, QC, Canada","[Concordia Institute for Information Systems Engineering, Concordia University,Montreal,Canada]"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Concordia Institute for Information Systems Engineering, Concordia University, Montreal, QC, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I60158472"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"[Concordia Institute for Information Systems Engineering, Concordia University,Montreal,Canada]","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I60158472"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":3.7276,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":18,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.93694064,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"11","issue":"6","first_page":"538","last_page":"552"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10764","display_name":"Privacy-Preserving Technologies in Data","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10764","display_name":"Privacy-Preserving Technologies in Data","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11598","display_name":"Internet Traffic Analysis and Secure E-voting","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10237","display_name":"Cryptography and Data Security","score":0.9991999864578247,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/padding","display_name":"Padding","score":0.9570695757865906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8654100894927979},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-publishing","display_name":"Data publishing","score":0.6476360559463501},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/encryption","display_name":"Encryption","score":0.543371856212616},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/heuristic","display_name":"Heuristic","score":0.5331873893737793},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/network-packet","display_name":"Network packet","score":0.5269884467124939},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/overhead","display_name":"Overhead (engineering)","score":0.5101030468940735},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.47484615445137024},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/information-privacy","display_name":"Information privacy","score":0.42984020709991455},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.374441921710968},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-mining","display_name":"Data mining","score":0.32682597637176514},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.10063502192497253}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165435473","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1509884","display_name":"Padding","level":2,"score":0.9570695757865906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8654100894927979},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781396290","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17051824","display_name":"Data publishing","level":3,"score":0.6476360559463501},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C148730421","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141090","display_name":"Encryption","level":2,"score":0.543371856212616},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C173801870","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q201413","display_name":"Heuristic","level":2,"score":0.5331873893737793},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158379750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q214111","display_name":"Network packet","level":2,"score":0.5269884467124939},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779960059","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7113681","display_name":"Overhead (engineering)","level":2,"score":0.5101030468940735},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.47484615445137024},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C123201435","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q456632","display_name":"Information privacy","level":2,"score":0.42984020709991455},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.374441921710968},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.32682597637176514},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.10063502192497253},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151719136","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3972943","display_name":"Publishing","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tdsc.2014.2302308","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tdsc.2014.2302308","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S133795288","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Dependable and Secure Computing","issn_l":"1545-5971","issn":["1545-5971","1941-0018","2160-9209"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320439","host_organization_name":"IEEE Computer Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320439","https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IEEE Computer Society","Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Dependable and Secure Computing","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","score":0.4699999988079071,"display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":52,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W8114543","https://openalex.org/W22863249","https://openalex.org/W50107694","https://openalex.org/W106275934","https://openalex.org/W1506383610","https://openalex.org/W1519028678","https://openalex.org/W1544273037","https://openalex.org/W1548445892","https://openalex.org/W1555093693","https://openalex.org/W1608222975","https://openalex.org/W1858527983","https://openalex.org/W1916902331","https://openalex.org/W1973132608","https://openalex.org/W2040210405","https://openalex.org/W2048384964","https://openalex.org/W2048702750","https://openalex.org/W2060312080","https://openalex.org/W2090480826","https://openalex.org/W2094040396","https://openalex.org/W2098797720","https://openalex.org/W2102415185","https://openalex.org/W2107691219","https://openalex.org/W2108590723","https://openalex.org/W2115255130","https://openalex.org/W2116762892","https://openalex.org/W2116807588","https://openalex.org/W2119028650","https://openalex.org/W2119067110","https://openalex.org/W2125202010","https://openalex.org/W2128025167","https://openalex.org/W2134167315","https://openalex.org/W2136114025","https://openalex.org/W2142406320","https://openalex.org/W2148472326","https://openalex.org/W2151481990","https://openalex.org/W2159024459","https://openalex.org/W2159675343","https://openalex.org/W2161160262","https://openalex.org/W2169461225","https://openalex.org/W2396066572","https://openalex.org/W2911978475","https://openalex.org/W2912642709","https://openalex.org/W6600908106","https://openalex.org/W6602012643","https://openalex.org/W6632848276","https://openalex.org/W6636391385","https://openalex.org/W6640114481","https://openalex.org/W6677704855","https://openalex.org/W6681719157","https://openalex.org/W6712428216","https://openalex.org/W6758485832","https://openalex.org/W6758947373"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2056776002","https://openalex.org/W136304283","https://openalex.org/W4385611918","https://openalex.org/W2564793090","https://openalex.org/W2380561796","https://openalex.org/W1849704981","https://openalex.org/W2777883117","https://openalex.org/W2015807912","https://openalex.org/W1974341061","https://openalex.org/W4387005985"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Web-based":[0],"applications":[1,23,41],"are":[2,12],"gaining":[3],"popularity":[4],"as":[5,69],"they":[6],"require":[7],"less":[8],"client-side":[9],"resources,":[10],"and":[11,16,28,63,72,105,131,146,156],"easier":[13],"to":[14,47,54,77,84,164],"deliver":[15],"maintain.":[17],"On":[18],"the":[19,126,154],"other":[20],"hand,":[21],"web":[22,40,171],"also":[24],"pose":[25],"new":[26],"security":[27],"privacy":[29,87,127],"challenges.":[30],"In":[31,89],"particular,":[32],"recent":[33],"research":[34],"revealed":[35],"that":[36],"many":[37],"high":[38],"profile":[39],"might":[42],"cause":[43],"sensitive":[44],"user":[45],"inputs":[46],"be":[48],"leaked":[49],"from":[50],"encrypted":[51],"traffic":[52,101],"due":[53],"side-channel":[55],"attacks":[56],"exploiting":[57],"unique":[58],"patterns":[59],"in":[60],"packet":[61],"sizes":[62],"timing.":[64],"Moreover,":[65],"existing":[66,165],"solutions,":[67],"such":[68,116],"random":[70],"padding":[71,102,129,132],"packet-size":[73],"rounding,":[74],"were":[75],"shown":[76],"incur":[78],"prohibitive":[79],"overhead":[80],"while":[81],"still":[82],"failing":[83],"guarantee":[85],"sufficient":[86],"protection.":[88],"this":[90,99],"paper,":[91],"we":[92,119,152],"first":[93],"observe":[94],"an":[95],"interesting":[96],"similarity":[97],"between":[98],"privacy-preserving":[100,110],"(PPTP)":[103],"issue":[104],"another":[106],"well":[107],"studied":[108],"problem,":[109],"data":[111],"publishing":[112],"(PPDP).":[113],"Based":[114],"on":[115],"a":[117,121],"similarity,":[118],"present":[120],"formal":[122],"PPTP":[123,137],"model":[124],"encompassing":[125],"requirements,":[128],"costs,":[130],"methods.":[133],"We":[134],"then":[135],"formulate":[136],"problems":[138],"under":[139],"different":[140],"application":[141],"scenarios,":[142],"analyze":[143],"their":[144],"complexity,":[145],"design":[147],"efficient":[148],"heuristic":[149],"algorithms.":[150],"Finally,":[151],"confirm":[153],"effectiveness":[155],"efficiency":[157],"of":[158],"our":[159],"algorithms":[160],"by":[161],"comparing":[162],"them":[163],"solutions":[166],"through":[167],"experiments":[168],"using":[169],"real-world":[170],"applications.":[172]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
