{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2129098897","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tdpvt.2002.1024098","title":"Filling holes in complex surfaces using volumetric diffusion","display_name":"Filling holes in complex surfaces using volumetric diffusion","publication_year":2003,"publication_date":"2003-06-25","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2129098897","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tdpvt.2002.1024098","mag":"2129098897"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tdpvt.2002.1024098","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tdpvt.2002.1024098","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings. First International Symposium on 3D Data Processing Visualization and Transmission","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5047609626","display_name":"James Davis","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1413-2616"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I97018004","display_name":"Stanford University","ror":"https://ror.org/00f54p054","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"J. Davis","raw_affiliation_strings":["Computer Science Department, University of Stanford, Stanford, USA","[Dept. of Comput. Sci., Stanford Univ., CA, USA]"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Computer Science Department, University of Stanford, Stanford, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"[Dept. of Comput. Sci., Stanford Univ., CA, USA]","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5031672248","display_name":"Steve Marschner","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9810-0306"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I97018004","display_name":"Stanford University","ror":"https://ror.org/00f54p054","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"S.R. Marschner","raw_affiliation_strings":["Computer Science Department, University of Stanford, Stanford, USA","[Dept. of Comput. Sci., Stanford Univ., CA, USA]"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Computer Science Department, University of Stanford, Stanford, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"[Dept. of Comput. Sci., Stanford Univ., CA, USA]","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5013369771","display_name":"Melissa D Garr","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I97018004","display_name":"Stanford University","ror":"https://ror.org/00f54p054","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"M. Garr","raw_affiliation_strings":["Computer Science Department, University of Stanford, Stanford, USA","[Dept. of Comput. Sci., Stanford Univ., CA, USA]"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Computer Science Department, University of Stanford, Stanford, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"[Dept. of Comput. Sci., Stanford Univ., CA, USA]","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5108804931","display_name":"Marc Levoy","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I97018004","display_name":"Stanford University","ror":"https://ror.org/00f54p054","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"M. Levoy","raw_affiliation_strings":["Computer Science Department, University of Stanford, Stanford, USA","[Dept. of Comput. Sci., Stanford Univ., CA, USA]"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Computer Science Department, University of Stanford, Stanford, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"[Dept. of Comput. Sci., Stanford Univ., CA, USA]","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5047609626"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":36.8072,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":449,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99895833,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":97,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"428","last_page":"861"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10481","display_name":"Computer Graphics and Visualization Techniques","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1704","display_name":"Computer Graphics and Computer-Aided Design"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10481","display_name":"Computer Graphics and Visualization Techniques","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1704","display_name":"Computer Graphics and Computer-Aided Design"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10719","display_name":"3D Shape Modeling and Analysis","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2206","display_name":"Computational Mechanics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10996","display_name":"Computational Geometry and Mesh Generation","score":0.9980999827384949,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1704","display_name":"Computer Graphics and Computer-Aided Design"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/surface","display_name":"Surface (topology)","score":0.6506603956222534},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/triangulation","display_name":"Triangulation","score":0.6204226613044739},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/diffusion","display_name":"Diffusion","score":0.5886023044586182},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5540100932121277},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computation","display_name":"Computation","score":0.5416932106018066},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/function","display_name":"Function (biology)","score":0.5221757888793945},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.4905969202518463},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/manifold","display_name":"Manifold (fluid mechanics)","score":0.48910003900527954},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/set","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","score":0.4742633104324341},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/process","display_name":"Process (computing)","score":0.4673521816730499},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scanner","display_name":"Scanner","score":0.4565732777118683},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/range","display_name":"Range (aeronautics)","score":0.4528998136520386},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/zero","display_name":"Zero (linguistics)","score":0.45226070284843445},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/topology","display_name":"Topology (electrical circuits)","score":0.34217989444732666},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geometry","display_name":"Geometry","score":0.3236664831638336},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.2831062078475952},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.1793254017829895},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.15274423360824585},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/materials-science","display_name":"Materials science","score":0.09977397322654724},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/combinatorics","display_name":"Combinatorics","score":0.09886813163757324}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776799497","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q484298","display_name":"Surface (topology)","level":2,"score":0.6506603956222534},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C135981907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188056","display_name":"Triangulation","level":2,"score":0.6204226613044739},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C69357855","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q163214","display_name":"Diffusion","level":2,"score":0.5886023044586182},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5540100932121277},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C45374587","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12525525","display_name":"Computation","level":2,"score":0.5416932106018066},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C14036430","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3736076","display_name":"Function (biology)","level":2,"score":0.5221757888793945},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.4905969202518463},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C529865628","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1790740","display_name":"Manifold (fluid mechanics)","level":2,"score":0.48910003900527954},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177264268","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1514741","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","level":2,"score":0.4742633104324341},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98045186","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q205663","display_name":"Process (computing)","level":2,"score":0.4673521816730499},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779751349","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1474480","display_name":"Scanner","level":2,"score":0.4565732777118683},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204323151","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q905424","display_name":"Range (aeronautics)","level":2,"score":0.4528998136520386},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780813799","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3274237","display_name":"Zero (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.45226070284843445},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C184720557","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7825049","display_name":"Topology (electrical circuits)","level":2,"score":0.34217989444732666},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.3236664831638336},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.2831062078475952},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.1793254017829895},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.15274423360824585},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192562407","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736","display_name":"Materials science","level":0,"score":0.09977397322654724},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C114614502","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q76592","display_name":"Combinatorics","level":1,"score":0.09886813163757324},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159985019","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q181790","display_name":"Composite material","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78519656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q101333","display_name":"Mechanical engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78458016","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q840400","display_name":"Evolutionary biology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97355855","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11473","display_name":"Thermodynamics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tdpvt.2002.1024098","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tdpvt.2002.1024098","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings. First International Symposium on 3D Data Processing Visualization and Transmission","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:CiteSeerX.psu:10.1.1.58.1311","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.58.1311","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"http://graphics.stanford.edu/papers/holefill-3dpvt02/../holefill-tr-2001-08/hole.pdf","raw_type":"text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:CiteSeerX.psu:10.1.1.7.6266","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.7.6266","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"http://graphics.stanford.edu/papers/holefill-3dpvt02/hole.pdf","raw_type":"text"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","display_name":"National Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/021nxhr62"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306146","display_name":"Andrew W. Mellon Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/04jsh2530"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320315072","display_name":"Mitsubishi Electric Research Laboratories","ror":null}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":34,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1238092070","https://openalex.org/W1585781633","https://openalex.org/W1977758817","https://openalex.org/W1986049249","https://openalex.org/W1990323259","https://openalex.org/W1994875376","https://openalex.org/W1997057955","https://openalex.org/W2009100370","https://openalex.org/W2009422376","https://openalex.org/W2022735534","https://openalex.org/W2037828060","https://openalex.org/W2050995940","https://openalex.org/W2061010610","https://openalex.org/W2073371710","https://openalex.org/W2078290150","https://openalex.org/W2097924771","https://openalex.org/W2100816864","https://openalex.org/W2107977656","https://openalex.org/W2110065373","https://openalex.org/W2117383120","https://openalex.org/W2121535648","https://openalex.org/W2142054519","https://openalex.org/W2142540472","https://openalex.org/W2150134853","https://openalex.org/W2156786466","https://openalex.org/W2158905481","https://openalex.org/W2174246288","https://openalex.org/W2211057196","https://openalex.org/W2229412420","https://openalex.org/W2237767100","https://openalex.org/W2295936755","https://openalex.org/W3136739961","https://openalex.org/W3213658025","https://openalex.org/W7026950584"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2906196008","https://openalex.org/W2168188726","https://openalex.org/W1572523360","https://openalex.org/W2090283050","https://openalex.org/W4230375434","https://openalex.org/W2359534433","https://openalex.org/W2019544509","https://openalex.org/W4205184820","https://openalex.org/W3154275865","https://openalex.org/W2233133865"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"We":[0,30,78],"address":[1,32],"the":[2,36,58,64,73,89,114,127],"problem":[3],"of":[4,18,27,61,75,110,116],"building":[5],"watertight":[6],"3D":[7,120],"models":[8],"from":[9,113],"surfaces":[10],"that":[11,21],"contain":[12],"holes":[13,37,97],"-":[14],"for":[15],"example,":[16],"sets":[17],"range":[19],"scans":[20],"observe":[22],"most":[23],"but":[24],"not":[25],"all":[26],"a":[28,54,81,119],"surface.":[29,65],"specifically":[31],"situations":[33],"in":[34,72],"which":[35,62],"are":[38],"too":[39],"geometrically":[40],"and":[41,143],"topologically":[42],"complex":[43],"to":[44,84,118,134,138,146,155],"fill":[45],"using":[46],"triangulation":[47],"algorithms.":[48],"Our":[49,130],"solution":[50],"begins":[51],"by":[52],"constructing":[53],"signed":[55],"distance":[56],"function,":[57],"zero":[59,93],"set":[60,94],"defines":[63],"Initially,":[66],"this":[67,86],"function":[68,87],"is":[69,104,132,136,144,153],"defined":[70],"only":[71],"vicinity":[74],"observed":[76],"surfaces.":[77],"then":[79],"apply":[80],"diffusion":[82,128],"process":[83],"extend":[85],"through":[88],"volume":[90],"until":[91],"its":[92],"bridges":[95],"whatever":[96],"may":[98],"be":[99,124],"present.":[100],"If":[101],"additional":[102],"information":[103],"available,":[105],"such":[106],"as":[107],"known-empty":[108],"regions":[109],"space":[111],"inferred":[112],"lines":[115],"sight":[117],"scanner,":[121],"it":[122],"can":[123],"incorporated":[125],"into":[126],"process.":[129],"algorithm":[131],"simple":[133],"implement,":[135],"guaranteed":[137],"produce":[139],"manifold":[140],"non-interpenetrating":[141],"surfaces,":[142],"efficient":[145],"run":[147],"on":[148],"large":[149],"datasets":[150],"because":[151],"computation":[152],"limited":[154],"areas":[156],"near":[157],"holes.":[158]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":15},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":19},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":13},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":16},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":15},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":18},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":18},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":21}],"updated_date":"2026-04-04T16:13:02.066488","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}