{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4415366571","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcyb.2025.3610606","title":"Artificial Intelligence in Combat Decision-Making: Weapon Target Assignment via Reinforcement Learning and Graph Neural Networks","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence in Combat Decision-Making: Weapon Target Assignment via Reinforcement Learning and Graph Neural Networks","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-10-20","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4415366571","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcyb.2025.3610606","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41115084"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tcyb.2025.3610606","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcyb.2025.3610606","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210191041","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Cybernetics","issn_l":"2168-2267","issn":["2168-2267","2168-2275"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Cybernetics","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcyb.2025.3610606","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5043412456","display_name":"Seung Heon Oh","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0009-7656-6522"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I139264467","display_name":"Seoul National University","ror":"https://ror.org/04h9pn542","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I139264467"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Seung Heon Oh","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Naval Architecture and Ocean Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0009-7656-6522","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Naval Architecture and Ocean Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I139264467"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5114355922","display_name":"Geon Woong Byeon","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I139264467","display_name":"Seoul National University","ror":"https://ror.org/04h9pn542","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I139264467"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Geon Woong Byeon","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Naval Architecture and Ocean Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Naval Architecture and Ocean Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I139264467"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5009995700","display_name":"Young-In Cho","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I139264467","display_name":"Seoul National University","ror":"https://ror.org/04h9pn542","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I139264467"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Young-In Cho","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Naval Architecture and Ocean Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1614-5226","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Naval Architecture and Ocean Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I139264467"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101320117","display_name":"Seungmin Kwon","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2802978839","display_name":"Korea Naval Academy","ror":"https://ror.org/0491qwe57","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2802978839"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Seungmin Kwon","raw_affiliation_strings":["Naval Ship Research and Development Team, Hanwha Ocean Company Ltd., Geoje, Gyeongsangnam, Republic of Korea","Naval Ship Research and Development Team, Hanwha Ocean Company Ltd, Geoje, Gyeongsangnam, Republic of Korea"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Naval Ship Research and Development Team, Hanwha Ocean Company Ltd., Geoje, Gyeongsangnam, Republic of Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2802978839"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Naval Ship Research and Development Team, Hanwha Ocean Company Ltd, Geoje, Gyeongsangnam, Republic of Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2802978839"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5012842425","display_name":"Jong Hun Woo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7612-7361"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I139264467","display_name":"Seoul National University","ror":"https://ror.org/04h9pn542","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I139264467"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jong Hun Woo","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Naval Architecture and Ocean Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7612-7361","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Naval Architecture and Ocean Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I139264467"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":5.0798,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":4,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.95267957,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":98,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"56","issue":"2","first_page":"631","last_page":"643"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11689","display_name":"Adversarial Robustness in Machine Learning","score":0.8809000253677368,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11689","display_name":"Adversarial Robustness in Machine Learning","score":0.8809000253677368,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10734","display_name":"Information and Cyber Security","score":0.8614000082015991,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11241","display_name":"Advanced Malware Detection Techniques","score":0.8122000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reinforcement-learning","display_name":"Reinforcement learning","score":0.694100022315979},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/markov-decision-process","display_name":"Markov decision process","score":0.6607000231742859},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-neural-network","display_name":"Artificial neural network","score":0.5077999830245972},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/heuristic","display_name":"Heuristic","score":0.4970000088214874},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scalability","display_name":"Scalability","score":0.47870001196861267},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/partially-observable-markov-decision-process","display_name":"Partially observable Markov decision process","score":0.474700003862381},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/graph","display_name":"Graph","score":0.4535999894142151},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/metric","display_name":"Metric (unit)","score":0.41179999709129333}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.7098000049591064},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97541855","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q830687","display_name":"Reinforcement learning","level":2,"score":0.694100022315979},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C106189395","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176789","display_name":"Markov decision process","level":3,"score":0.6607000231742859},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6567000150680542},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.5299999713897705},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.5077999830245972},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C173801870","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q201413","display_name":"Heuristic","level":2,"score":0.4970000088214874},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48044578","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q727490","display_name":"Scalability","level":2,"score":0.47870001196861267},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17098449","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176814","display_name":"Partially observable Markov decision process","level":4,"score":0.474700003862381},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C132525143","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141488","display_name":"Graph","level":2,"score":0.4535999894142151},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C176217482","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860554","display_name":"Metric (unit)","level":2,"score":0.41179999709129333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159886148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176645","display_name":"Markov process","level":2,"score":0.4018000066280365},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26517878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228039","display_name":"Key (lock)","level":2,"score":0.39559999108314514},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98045186","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q205663","display_name":"Process (computing)","level":2,"score":0.36559998989105225},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2984634286","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1331926","display_name":"Decision process","level":2,"score":0.3343999981880188},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C85044808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q620614","display_name":"Assignment problem","level":2,"score":0.29019999504089355},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780791683","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q846785","display_name":"Action (physics)","level":2,"score":0.28119999170303345},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98763669","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176645","display_name":"Markov chain","level":2,"score":0.2597000002861023},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136389625","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q334384","display_name":"Supervised learning","level":3,"score":0.2522999942302704}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tcyb.2025.3610606","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcyb.2025.3610606","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210191041","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Cybernetics","issn_l":"2168-2267","issn":["2168-2267","2168-2275"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Cybernetics","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:41115084","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41115084","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE transactions on cybernetics","raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tcyb.2025.3610606","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcyb.2025.3610606","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210191041","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Cybernetics","issn_l":"2168-2267","issn":["2168-2267","2168-2275"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Cybernetics","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2586019682","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"RS-2025-00555741","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322120","funder_display_name":"National Research Foundation of Korea"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5138632024","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"RS-2025-02372996","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321681","funder_display_name":"Ministry of Trade, Industry and Energy"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321681","display_name":"Ministry of Trade, Industry and Energy","ror":"https://ror.org/008nkqk13"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322120","display_name":"National Research Foundation of Korea","ror":"https://ror.org/013aysd81"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":35,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W263116687","https://openalex.org/W1495972231","https://openalex.org/W1501856433","https://openalex.org/W1566660126","https://openalex.org/W1982144968","https://openalex.org/W2001976066","https://openalex.org/W2007000952","https://openalex.org/W2008158427","https://openalex.org/W2070235678","https://openalex.org/W2082201362","https://openalex.org/W2112913811","https://openalex.org/W2166613735","https://openalex.org/W2496353009","https://openalex.org/W2514240878","https://openalex.org/W2783738786","https://openalex.org/W2895971179","https://openalex.org/W3108744398","https://openalex.org/W3111067019","https://openalex.org/W3128766876","https://openalex.org/W3185921569","https://openalex.org/W3190316676","https://openalex.org/W3207584110","https://openalex.org/W3208057219","https://openalex.org/W4297965085","https://openalex.org/W4309220286","https://openalex.org/W4310026394","https://openalex.org/W4387587721","https://openalex.org/W4388642417","https://openalex.org/W4390576317","https://openalex.org/W4391302805","https://openalex.org/W4399494712","https://openalex.org/W4402280033","https://openalex.org/W4402335460","https://openalex.org/W4403511127","https://openalex.org/W4415899168"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Selecting":[0],"targets":[1],"to":[2,56,72],"attack":[3],"and":[4,60,80,101,113,123,131],"assigning":[5],"weapons":[6],"are":[7,105],"among":[8],"the":[9,14,34,52,74,117,129],"most":[10],"critical":[11],"decisions":[12],"on":[13,51],"battlefield.":[15],"The":[16,126],"decision":[17,91],"problem":[18,58,76],"is":[19,33,134],"represented":[20],"as":[21],"a":[22,86],"dynamic":[23],"weapon-target":[24],"assignment":[25],"(DWTA)":[26],"problem.":[27],"While":[28],"deep":[29],"reinforcement":[30],"learning":[31],"(DRL)":[32],"state-of-the-art":[35],"approach":[36,119],"for":[37],"DWTA,":[38],"previous":[39],"studies":[40],"have":[41],"limitations":[42],"in":[43],"three":[44],"key":[45],"aspects:":[46],"1)":[47],"representing":[48],"topological":[49],"relationships":[50],"battlefield;":[53],"2)":[54],"scalability":[55],"increased":[57],"sizes;":[59],"3)":[61],"performance":[62],"metric":[63],"relevance.":[64],"To":[65],"overcome":[66],"these":[67],"limitations,":[68],"this":[69],"study":[70],"aims":[71],"solve":[73],"DWTA":[75],"by":[77],"leveraging":[78],"DRL":[79],"graph":[81],"neural":[82],"networks":[83],"(GNNs),":[84],"with":[85,120],"novel":[87],"partially":[88],"observable":[89],"Markov":[90],"process":[92],"(POMDP)":[93],"design,":[94],"including":[95,111],"graph-based":[96],"action":[97],"representation,":[98],"observation":[99],"features,":[100],"reward":[102],"design.":[103],"Experiments":[104],"conducted":[106],"across":[107],"multiple":[108],"military":[109],"domains,":[110],"naval":[112],"ground":[114],"combat,":[115],"comparing":[116],"proposed":[118],"existing":[121],"heuristic":[122],"meta-heuristic":[124],"methodologies.":[125],"effectiveness":[127],"of":[128],"GNN":[130],"decision-making":[132],"pattern":[133],"extensively":[135],"analyzed":[136],"through":[137],"comprehensive":[138],"experimental":[139],"validation.":[140]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":4}],"updated_date":"2026-07-22T07:51:19.307946","created_date":"2025-10-21T00:00:00"}
