{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4409916721","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcyb.2025.3562390","title":"Distributed Optimal Consensus Problem of Input Constrained Nonlinear Discrete-Time MASs: A Mode-Free Reinforcement Learning Approach","display_name":"Distributed Optimal Consensus Problem of Input Constrained Nonlinear Discrete-Time MASs: A Mode-Free Reinforcement Learning Approach","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-04-29","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4409916721","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcyb.2025.3562390","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40299732"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tcyb.2025.3562390","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcyb.2025.3562390","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210191041","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Cybernetics","issn_l":"2168-2267","issn":["2168-2267","2168-2275"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Cybernetics","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5093620375","display_name":"Shuxing Xuan","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I150229711","display_name":"University of Electronic Science and Technology of China","ror":"https://ror.org/04qr3zq92","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I150229711"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shuxing Xuan","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Automation Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, Sichuan, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Automation Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, Sichuan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I150229711"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5067900602","display_name":"Hongjing Liang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1480-1872"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I150229711","display_name":"University of Electronic Science and Technology of China","ror":"https://ror.org/04qr3zq92","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I150229711"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hongjing Liang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Automation Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, Sichuan, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1480-1872","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Automation Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, Sichuan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I150229711"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5054116884","display_name":"Shihao Huang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2424-6756"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I150229711","display_name":"University of Electronic Science and Technology of China","ror":"https://ror.org/04qr3zq92","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I150229711"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shihao Huang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Automation Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, Sichuan, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Automation Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, Sichuan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I150229711"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5025349097","display_name":"Tieshan Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0474-953X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I150229711","display_name":"University of Electronic Science and Technology of China","ror":"https://ror.org/04qr3zq92","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I150229711"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tieshan Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Automation Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, Sichuan, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0474-953X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Automation Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, Sichuan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I150229711"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5002903770","display_name":"Jiayue Sun","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7774-2606"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I9224756","display_name":"Northeastern University","ror":"https://ror.org/03awzbc87","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I9224756"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jiayue Sun","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Information Science and Engineering, Northeastern University, Shenyang, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7774-2606","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Information Science and Engineering, Northeastern University, Shenyang, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I9224756"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":5.343,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":8,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.95711509,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"55","issue":"6","first_page":"2910","last_page":"2923"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10249","display_name":"Distributed Control Multi-Agent Systems","score":0.9850999712944031,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10249","display_name":"Distributed Control Multi-Agent Systems","score":0.9850999712944031,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10551","display_name":"Scheduling and Optimization Algorithms","score":0.9668999910354614,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2209","display_name":"Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14011","display_name":"Elevator Systems and Control","score":0.9666000008583069,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reinforcement-learning","display_name":"Reinforcement learning","score":0.7876124382019043},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/nonlinear-system","display_name":"Nonlinear system","score":0.6144077777862549},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5909359455108643},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/consensus","display_name":"Consensus","score":0.5671309232711792},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mode","display_name":"Mode (computer interface)","score":0.4725501239299774},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematical-optimization","display_name":"Mathematical optimization","score":0.4624846577644348},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/distributed-computing","display_name":"Distributed computing","score":0.38871774077415466},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/control-theory","display_name":"Control theory (sociology)","score":0.35120218992233276},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.24946904182434082},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.18189215660095215},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/multi-agent-system","display_name":"Multi-agent system","score":0.16283878684043884},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/control","display_name":"Control (management)","score":0.11593016982078552},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.09366166591644287}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97541855","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q830687","display_name":"Reinforcement learning","level":2,"score":0.7876124382019043},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158622935","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q660848","display_name":"Nonlinear system","level":2,"score":0.6144077777862549},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5909359455108643},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107107730","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2994424","display_name":"Consensus","level":3,"score":0.5671309232711792},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48677424","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6888088","display_name":"Mode (computer interface)","level":2,"score":0.4725501239299774},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126255220","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141495","display_name":"Mathematical optimization","level":1,"score":0.4624846577644348},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120314980","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180634","display_name":"Distributed computing","level":1,"score":0.38871774077415466},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47446073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5165890","display_name":"Control theory (sociology)","level":3,"score":0.35120218992233276},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.24946904182434082},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.18189215660095215},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41550386","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q529909","display_name":"Multi-agent system","level":2,"score":0.16283878684043884},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775924081","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q55608371","display_name":"Control (management)","level":2,"score":0.11593016982078552},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.09366166591644287},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tcyb.2025.3562390","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcyb.2025.3562390","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210191041","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Cybernetics","issn_l":"2168-2267","issn":["2168-2267","2168-2275"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Cybernetics","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:40299732","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40299732","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE transactions on cybernetics","raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3075804322","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"(62322307)","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4477007659","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2023NSFSC1968","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320336756","funder_display_name":"Tianjin Science and Technology Program"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320336756","display_name":"Tianjin Science and Technology Program","ror":null}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":40,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W113562060","https://openalex.org/W2012812921","https://openalex.org/W2019338681","https://openalex.org/W2042225379","https://openalex.org/W2093831009","https://openalex.org/W2108383324","https://openalex.org/W2111838183","https://openalex.org/W2131363581","https://openalex.org/W2157190392","https://openalex.org/W2165726932","https://openalex.org/W2299109138","https://openalex.org/W2320262435","https://openalex.org/W2611497108","https://openalex.org/W2900489925","https://openalex.org/W2931650895","https://openalex.org/W2963609304","https://openalex.org/W2997361925","https://openalex.org/W2997927233","https://openalex.org/W3011326522","https://openalex.org/W3021399679","https://openalex.org/W3084579523","https://openalex.org/W3116531410","https://openalex.org/W3124444594","https://openalex.org/W3130981400","https://openalex.org/W3131320743","https://openalex.org/W3133357144","https://openalex.org/W3157457774","https://openalex.org/W3179972165","https://openalex.org/W4205294007","https://openalex.org/W4225814850","https://openalex.org/W4283449182","https://openalex.org/W4285240592","https://openalex.org/W4304480790","https://openalex.org/W4312345920","https://openalex.org/W4312404853","https://openalex.org/W4386040892","https://openalex.org/W4392638773","https://openalex.org/W4394698563","https://openalex.org/W4394770855","https://openalex.org/W4400810505"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4306904969","https://openalex.org/W2138720691","https://openalex.org/W4362501864","https://openalex.org/W4380318855","https://openalex.org/W3084456289","https://openalex.org/W2024136090","https://openalex.org/W4391331176","https://openalex.org/W2031695474","https://openalex.org/W2586732548","https://openalex.org/W3046732854"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0],"this":[1,137],"article,":[2],"a":[3,38,89],"model-free":[4],"reinforcement":[5],"learning":[6,67],"(RL)":[7],"approach":[8,40],"is":[9,45,55,77,95,143],"proposed":[10,46,171],"for":[11,47,150],"solving":[12,31],"the":[13,28,32,58,70,74,114,130,139,167,170],"optimal":[14,48,71],"consensus":[15,49],"control":[16,92,148],"issue":[17,131],"of":[18,30,132,169],"nonlinear":[19],"discrete-time":[20],"multiagent":[21],"systems":[22],"with":[23],"input":[24],"constraint.":[25],"To":[26,84,135],"address":[27,85,136],"challenge":[29],"coupled":[33],"discrete":[34],"Hamilton-Jacobi-Bellman":[35],"(HJB)":[36],"equation,":[37],"RL":[39],"based":[41],"on":[42,122],"actor-critic":[43,115],"framework":[44],"control.":[50],"A":[51],"well-defined":[52],"cost":[53],"function":[54],"designed,":[56,144],"and":[57,60,97,99],"actor":[59],"critic":[61],"networks":[62,116],"are":[63,102,163],"updated":[64],"through":[65],"online":[66],"to":[68,81,104,153,165],"obtain":[69],"controllers.":[72],"Furthermore,":[73],"actuator's":[75],"performance":[76],"often":[78],"limited":[79],"due":[80],"physical":[82],"constraints.":[83],"such":[86],"actuator":[87],"constraints,":[88],"gradual":[90],"transition":[91],"(GTC)":[93],"method":[94,142],"proposed,":[96],"update-free":[98],"update-weak":[100],"policies":[101],"introduced":[103],"further":[105],"optimize":[106],"network":[107],"performance.":[108],"Additionally,":[109],"in":[110,118],"real-world":[111],"distributed":[112,133],"systems,":[113],"deployed":[117],"each":[119,151],"agent":[120,152],"rely":[121],"data":[123],"from":[124],"neighboring":[125],"agents,":[126],"which":[127,145],"necessitates":[128],"addressing":[129],"synchronization.":[134],"challenge,":[138],"synchronization":[140],"blocking":[141],"designs":[146],"additional":[147],"signals":[149],"handle":[154],"these":[155],"issues.":[156],"Finally,":[157],"two":[158],"simulations":[159],"under":[160],"different":[161],"scenarios":[162],"presented":[164],"verify":[166],"effectiveness":[168],"approach.":[172]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-08-01T09:00:35.917206","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}