{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4386883051","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcyb.2023.3312392","title":"Gaze Estimation by Attention-Induced Hierarchical Variational Auto-Encoder","display_name":"Gaze Estimation by Attention-Induced Hierarchical Variational Auto-Encoder","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-09-20","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4386883051","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcyb.2023.3312392","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37729576"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tcyb.2023.3312392","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcyb.2023.3312392","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210191041","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Cybernetics","issn_l":"2168-2267","issn":["2168-2267","2168-2275"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Cybernetics","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5071105065","display_name":"Guanhe Huang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7631-0011"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I141649914","display_name":"Nanchang University","ror":"https://ror.org/042v6xz23","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I141649914"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Guanhe Huang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Information Engineering, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7631-0011","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Information Engineering, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I141649914"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5055823174","display_name":"J. L. Shi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0001-4575-3108"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I21193070","display_name":"Beijing Jiaotong University","ror":"https://ror.org/01yj56c84","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I21193070"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jingyue Shi","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electronic and Information Engineering, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0001-4575-3108","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electronic and Information Engineering, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I21193070"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5042967567","display_name":"Jun Xu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1602-538X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I205237279","display_name":"Nankai University","ror":"https://ror.org/01y1kjr75","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205237279"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jun Xu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Statistics and Data Science, Nankai University, Tianjin, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1602-538X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Statistics and Data Science, Nankai University, Tianjin, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I205237279"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100336774","display_name":"Jing Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6566-1406"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I136765683","display_name":"Tianjin University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00zbe0w13","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I136765683"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jing Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science and Engineering, Tianjin University of Technology, Tianjin, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6566-1406","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science and Engineering, Tianjin University of Technology, Tianjin, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I136765683"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5055627037","display_name":"Shengyong Chen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6705-3831"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I136765683","display_name":"Tianjin University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00zbe0w13","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I136765683"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shengyong Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science and Engineering, Tianjin University of Technology, Tianjin, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6705-3831","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science and Engineering, Tianjin University of Technology, Tianjin, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I136765683"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5077690631","display_name":"Yingjun Du","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7537-6457"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I887064364","display_name":"University of Amsterdam","ror":"https://ror.org/04dkp9463","country_code":"NL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I887064364"]}],"countries":["NL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yingjun Du","raw_affiliation_strings":["AIM Lab, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, XH, The Netherlands"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7537-6457","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"AIM Lab, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, XH, The Netherlands","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I887064364"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5026486701","display_name":"Xiantong Zhen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5213-0462"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210135459","display_name":"United Imaging Healthcare (China)","ror":"https://ror.org/03qqw3m37","country_code":"CN","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210135459"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xiantong Zhen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Central Research institute, United Imaging Healthcare Company Ltd., Shanghai, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5213-0462","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Central Research institute, United Imaging Healthcare Company Ltd., Shanghai, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210135459"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5085867312","display_name":"Honghai Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2880-4698"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I204983213","display_name":"Harbin Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01yqg2h08","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I204983213"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I63072094","display_name":"University of Portsmouth","ror":"https://ror.org/03ykbk197","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I63072094"]}],"countries":["CN","GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Honghai Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["State Key Laboratory of Robotics and Systems, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen, China","School of Computing, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, U.K"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2880-4698","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Robotics and Systems, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204983213"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computing, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, U.K","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I63072094"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":8,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":2.9725,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":21,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.91463415,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"54","issue":"4","first_page":"2592","last_page":"2605"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11707","display_name":"Gaze Tracking and Assistive Technology","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1709","display_name":"Human-Computer Interaction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11707","display_name":"Gaze Tracking and Assistive Technology","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1709","display_name":"Human-Computer Interaction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11605","display_name":"Visual Attention and Saliency Detection","score":0.9779999852180481,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11438","display_name":"Retinal Imaging and Analysis","score":0.9735999703407288,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2741","display_name":"Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gaze","display_name":"Gaze","score":0.904732346534729},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7662298679351807},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.7113224267959595},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/inference","display_name":"Inference","score":0.5718338489532471},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.5344606637954712},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/encoder","display_name":"Encoder","score":0.5050898194313049},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/estimation","display_name":"Estimation","score":0.49050039052963257},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/generative-model","display_name":"Generative model","score":0.42470115423202515},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ground-truth","display_name":"Ground truth","score":0.4137503206729889},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.39467522501945496},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.3519502878189087},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/generative-grammar","display_name":"Generative grammar","score":0.2240264117717743}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779916870","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14467155","display_name":"Gaze","level":2,"score":0.904732346534729},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7662298679351807},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.7113224267959595},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776214188","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q408386","display_name":"Inference","level":2,"score":0.5718338489532471},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.5344606637954712},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118505674","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42586063","display_name":"Encoder","level":2,"score":0.5050898194313049},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C96250715","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q965330","display_name":"Estimation","level":2,"score":0.49050039052963257},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C167966045","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5532625","display_name":"Generative model","level":3,"score":0.42470115423202515},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C146849305","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q370766","display_name":"Ground truth","level":2,"score":0.4137503206729889},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.39467522501945496},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.3519502878189087},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39890363","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36108","display_name":"Generative grammar","level":2,"score":0.2240264117717743},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187736073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2920921","display_name":"Management","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tcyb.2023.3312392","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcyb.2023.3312392","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210191041","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Cybernetics","issn_l":"2168-2267","issn":["2168-2267","2168-2275"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Cybernetics","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:37729576","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37729576","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE transactions on cybernetics","raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1586258774","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62002176","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1592249304","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62020106004","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1783737058","display_name":"\u9762\u5411\u7a7a\u57fa\u76d1\u89c6\u7684\u65f6\u7a7a\u591a\u53d8\u573a\u666f\u4e0b\u8868\u5f81\u5b66\u4e60\u7814\u7a76","funder_award_id":"61871016","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3822465992","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62373280","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5329313032","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"61963027","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8065005635","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62176068","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":75,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1522301498","https://openalex.org/W1901129140","https://openalex.org/W1970145098","https://openalex.org/W1970347048","https://openalex.org/W1971652879","https://openalex.org/W1988798713","https://openalex.org/W2004362043","https://openalex.org/W2023058317","https://openalex.org/W2027879843","https://openalex.org/W2040355924","https://openalex.org/W2042906110","https://openalex.org/W2051203581","https://openalex.org/W2053946567","https://openalex.org/W2088589122","https://openalex.org/W2095317872","https://openalex.org/W2097041579","https://openalex.org/W2097087373","https://openalex.org/W2112796928","https://openalex.org/W2130313210","https://openalex.org/W2166053089","https://openalex.org/W2194775991","https://openalex.org/W2302255633","https://openalex.org/W2402144811","https://openalex.org/W2417429787","https://openalex.org/W2519247488","https://openalex.org/W2557669140","https://openalex.org/W2559085405","https://openalex.org/W2765629358","https://openalex.org/W2778474385","https://openalex.org/W2791467888","https://openalex.org/W2793958520","https://openalex.org/W2801295340","https://openalex.org/W2805941539","https://openalex.org/W2884915206","https://openalex.org/W2889901932","https://openalex.org/W2895535699","https://openalex.org/W2897890508","https://openalex.org/W2903918834","https://openalex.org/W2921627265","https://openalex.org/W2945806627","https://openalex.org/W2961516132","https://openalex.org/W2962717182","https://openalex.org/W2962963674","https://openalex.org/W2963446712","https://openalex.org/W2963530216","https://openalex.org/W2963567641","https://openalex.org/W2964344294","https://openalex.org/W2982035692","https://openalex.org/W2986102820","https://openalex.org/W2994051615","https://openalex.org/W2998355285","https://openalex.org/W3009674406","https://openalex.org/W3013897564","https://openalex.org/W3014974815","https://openalex.org/W3022210053","https://openalex.org/W3096147990","https://openalex.org/W3102254936","https://openalex.org/W3112701542","https://openalex.org/W3134794314","https://openalex.org/W3174359952","https://openalex.org/W4210889190","https://openalex.org/W4210936114","https://openalex.org/W4224929143","https://openalex.org/W4225646287","https://openalex.org/W4229009643","https://openalex.org/W4288346058","https://openalex.org/W4312571755","https://openalex.org/W4322706693","https://openalex.org/W4385805120","https://openalex.org/W6639732818","https://openalex.org/W6640963894","https://openalex.org/W6684191040","https://openalex.org/W6687045409","https://openalex.org/W6749229810","https://openalex.org/W6763099201"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1880689012","https://openalex.org/W3014378845","https://openalex.org/W4240909707","https://openalex.org/W2059546927","https://openalex.org/W3207760378","https://openalex.org/W1986970529","https://openalex.org/W2562758970","https://openalex.org/W1563178652","https://openalex.org/W2947492009","https://openalex.org/W2963556443"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Appearance-based":[0],"gaze":[1,15,27,57,74,81,91,101,107,134],"estimation":[2,16,28,58,75,135],"has":[3],"been":[4],"widely":[5],"studied":[6],"recently":[7],"with":[8],"promising":[9],"performance.":[10],"The":[11,151],"majority":[12],"of":[13,148],"appearance-based":[14,56],"methods":[17,29],"are":[18],"developed":[19],"under":[20,60],"the":[21,25,55,89,100,146],"deterministic":[22,26],"frameworks.":[23],"However,":[24],"suffer":[30],"from":[31],"large":[32],"performance":[33],"drop":[34],"upon":[35],"challenging":[36,139],"eye":[37],"images":[38],"in":[39,49],"low-resolution,":[40],"darkness,":[41],"partial":[42],"occlusions,":[43],"etc.":[44],"To":[45,93],"alleviate":[46],"this":[47,50],"problem,":[48],"article,":[51],"we":[52,65,97],"alternatively":[53],"reformulate":[54],"problem":[59],"a":[61,67,110,114],"generative":[62],"framework.":[63],"Specifically,":[64],"propose":[66],"variational":[68,73],"inference":[69],"model,":[70],"that":[71,122,129],"is,":[72,123],"network":[76,112],"(VGE-Net),":[77],"to":[78],"generate":[79],"multiple":[80],"maps":[82,108],"as":[83],"complimentary":[84],"candidates":[85],"simultaneously":[86],"supervised":[87],"by":[88,109],"ground-truth":[90],"map.":[92],"achieve":[94],"robust":[95],"estimation,":[96],"adaptively":[98],"fuse":[99],"directions":[102],"predicted":[103],"on":[104,119,138],"these":[105],"candidate":[106],"regression":[111],"through":[113],"simple":[115],"attention":[116],"mechanism.":[117],"Experiments":[118],"three":[120],"benchmarks,":[121],"MPIIGaze,":[124],"EYEDIAP,":[125],"and":[126],"Columbia,":[127],"demonstrate":[128],"our":[130,149],"VGE-Net":[131],"outperforms":[132],"state-of-the-art":[133],"methods,":[136],"especially":[137],"cases.":[140],"Comprehensive":[141],"ablation":[142],"studies":[143],"also":[144],"validate":[145],"effectiveness":[147],"contributions.":[150],"code":[152],"will":[153],"be":[154],"publicly":[155],"released.":[156]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-03-27T05:58:40.876381","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
