{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4224137800","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcyb.2022.3163974","title":"Handling Imbalanced Classification Problems With Support Vector Machines via Evolutionary Bilevel Optimization","display_name":"Handling Imbalanced Classification Problems With Support Vector Machines via Evolutionary Bilevel Optimization","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-04-13","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4224137800","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcyb.2022.3163974","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35417377"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tcyb.2022.3163974","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcyb.2022.3163974","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210191041","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Cybernetics","issn_l":"2168-2267","issn":["2168-2267","2168-2275"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Cybernetics","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["arxiv","crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2204.10231","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5005598000","display_name":"Alejandro Rosales-P\u00e9rez","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1768-339X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I98461037","display_name":"Tecnol\u00f3gico de Monterrey","ror":"https://ror.org/03ayjn504","country_code":"MX","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I98461037"]}],"countries":["MX"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Alejandro Rosales-P\u00e9rez","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, Centro de Investigación en Matemáticas A. C., Monterrey, Mexico"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1768-339X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, Centro de Investigación en Matemáticas A. C., Monterrey, Mexico","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I98461037"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5078909305","display_name":"Salvador Garc\u00eda","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4494-7565"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I173304897","display_name":"Universidad de Granada","ror":"https://ror.org/04njjy449","country_code":"ES","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I173304897"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210095677","display_name":"Instituto Andaluz de Ciencias de la Tierra","ror":"https://ror.org/00v0g9w49","country_code":"ES","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I134820265","https://openalex.org/I4210095677"]}],"countries":["ES"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Salvador Garc\u00eda","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence, Andalusian Research Institute in Data Science and Computational Intelligence, University of Granada, Granada, Spain"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4494-7565","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence, Andalusian Research Institute in Data Science and Computational Intelligence, University of Granada, Granada, Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I173304897","https://openalex.org/I4210095677"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5045016749","display_name":"Francisco Herrera","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7283-312X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I173304897","display_name":"Universidad de Granada","ror":"https://ror.org/04njjy449","country_code":"ES","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I173304897"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210095677","display_name":"Instituto Andaluz de Ciencias de la Tierra","ror":"https://ror.org/00v0g9w49","country_code":"ES","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I134820265","https://openalex.org/I4210095677"]}],"countries":["ES"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Francisco Herrera","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence, Andalusian Research Institute in Data Science and Computational Intelligence, University of Granada, Granada, Spain"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7283-312X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence, Andalusian Research Institute in Data Science and Computational Intelligence, University of Granada, Granada, Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I173304897","https://openalex.org/I4210095677"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":3.3648,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":32,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.92995785,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"53","issue":"8","first_page":"4735","last_page":"4747"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11652","display_name":"Imbalanced Data Classification Techniques","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11652","display_name":"Imbalanced Data Classification Techniques","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13429","display_name":"Electricity Theft Detection Techniques","score":0.9839000105857849,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11606","display_name":"Infrastructure Maintenance and Monitoring","score":0.9769999980926514,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2205","display_name":"Civil and Structural Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hyperparameter","display_name":"Hyperparameter","score":0.8351407647132874},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/support-vector-machine","display_name":"Support vector machine","score":0.8243380784988403},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.6444421410560608},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.6387432813644409},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6212335228919983},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/kernel","display_name":"Kernel (algebra)","score":0.5557149648666382},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/binary-classification","display_name":"Binary classification","score":0.5181028246879578},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bilevel-optimization","display_name":"Bilevel optimization","score":0.48493435978889465},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hyperparameter-optimization","display_name":"Hyperparameter optimization","score":0.46316444873809814},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optimization-problem","display_name":"Optimization problem","score":0.44055411219596863},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematical-optimization","display_name":"Mathematical optimization","score":0.43228408694267273},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/evolutionary-algorithm","display_name":"Evolutionary algorithm","score":0.4248749613761902},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bayesian-optimization","display_name":"Bayesian optimization","score":0.4143597483634949},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.3928501307964325},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.2993367910385132},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.18470057845115662}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C8642999","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4171168","display_name":"Hyperparameter","level":2,"score":0.8351407647132874},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12267149","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q282453","display_name":"Support vector machine","level":2,"score":0.8243380784988403},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6444421410560608},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.6387432813644409},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6212335228919983},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C74193536","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q574844","display_name":"Kernel (algebra)","level":2,"score":0.5557149648666382},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C66905080","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17005494","display_name":"Binary classification","level":3,"score":0.5181028246879578},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3309286","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4907693","display_name":"Bilevel optimization","level":3,"score":0.48493435978889465},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C10485038","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q48996162","display_name":"Hyperparameter optimization","level":3,"score":0.46316444873809814},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C137836250","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q984063","display_name":"Optimization problem","level":2,"score":0.44055411219596863},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126255220","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141495","display_name":"Mathematical optimization","level":1,"score":0.43228408694267273},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159149176","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14489129","display_name":"Evolutionary algorithm","level":2,"score":0.4248749613761902},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778049539","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17002908","display_name":"Bayesian optimization","level":2,"score":0.4143597483634949},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.3928501307964325},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.2993367910385132},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.18470057845115662},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C114614502","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q76592","display_name":"Combinatorics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tcyb.2022.3163974","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcyb.2022.3163974","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210191041","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Cybernetics","issn_l":"2168-2267","issn":["2168-2267","2168-2275"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Cybernetics","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:35417377","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35417377","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE transactions on cybernetics","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2204.10231","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/2204.10231","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2204.10231","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:digibug.ugr.es:10481/74696","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/10481/74696","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400567","display_name":"Institutional Repository of the University of Granada (University of Granada)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I173304897","host_organization_name":"Universidad de Granada","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I173304897"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2204.10231","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/2204.10231","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2204.10231","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":68,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W194800985","https://openalex.org/W1100975233","https://openalex.org/W1548505798","https://openalex.org/W1595159159","https://openalex.org/W1986490585","https://openalex.org/W1993288992","https://openalex.org/W1994410331","https://openalex.org/W2023639956","https://openalex.org/W2032038941","https://openalex.org/W2040854421","https://openalex.org/W2080905836","https://openalex.org/W2088059023","https://openalex.org/W2096536283","https://openalex.org/W2097998348","https://openalex.org/W2100421935","https://openalex.org/W2102539288","https://openalex.org/W2104933073","https://openalex.org/W2118978333","https://openalex.org/W2144051602","https://openalex.org/W2148143831","https://openalex.org/W2149454052","https://openalex.org/W2158001550","https://openalex.org/W2168508521","https://openalex.org/W2182722412","https://openalex.org/W2338318698","https://openalex.org/W2524126247","https://openalex.org/W2531607313","https://openalex.org/W2537392705","https://openalex.org/W2599194736","https://openalex.org/W2605316438","https://openalex.org/W2614367549","https://openalex.org/W2763619424","https://openalex.org/W2782485997","https://openalex.org/W2790825252","https://openalex.org/W2796838491","https://openalex.org/W2800788706","https://openalex.org/W2895386374","https://openalex.org/W2900085600","https://openalex.org/W2906697496","https://openalex.org/W2918408501","https://openalex.org/W2945790622","https://openalex.org/W2962712569","https://openalex.org/W2963596856","https://openalex.org/W2965658867","https://openalex.org/W3004515507","https://openalex.org/W3006551545","https://openalex.org/W3010604601","https://openalex.org/W3047352696","https://openalex.org/W3094370609","https://openalex.org/W3106710618","https://openalex.org/W3113001100","https://openalex.org/W3120254517","https://openalex.org/W3139497286","https://openalex.org/W3153628712","https://openalex.org/W3159359277","https://openalex.org/W3168147130","https://openalex.org/W3216140319","https://openalex.org/W4211116959","https://openalex.org/W4239510810","https://openalex.org/W4243367342","https://openalex.org/W4301186107","https://openalex.org/W6674363615","https://openalex.org/W6674385629","https://openalex.org/W6718343364","https://openalex.org/W6730523429","https://openalex.org/W6733800825","https://openalex.org/W6735506286","https://openalex.org/W6775002999"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3169687406","https://openalex.org/W3206613651","https://openalex.org/W2200000192","https://openalex.org/W4286902601","https://openalex.org/W2395916875","https://openalex.org/W2405673391","https://openalex.org/W3103707007","https://openalex.org/W2906178137","https://openalex.org/W2963001956","https://openalex.org/W2996585552"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Support":[0],"vector":[1],"machines":[2],"(SVMs)":[3],"are":[4],"popular":[5],"learning":[6,47],"algorithms":[7],"to":[8],"deal":[9],"with":[10,154,175],"binary":[11],"classification":[12,43,151],"problems.":[13],"They":[14],"traditionally":[15],"assume":[16],"equal":[17],"misclassification":[18,62],"costs":[19],"for":[20],"each":[21],"class;":[22],"however,":[23],"real-world":[24],"problems":[25,44],"may":[26],"have":[27],"an":[28,92],"uneven":[29],"class":[30],"distribution.":[31],"This":[32,86],"article":[33],"introduces":[34],"EBCS-SVM:":[35],"evolutionary":[36,93],"bilevel":[37,70],"cost-sensitive":[38],"SVMs.":[39],"EBCS-SVM":[40,172],"handles":[41],"imbalanced":[42,150,177],"by":[45,162],"simultaneously":[46],"the":[48,53,58,73,77,81,84,97,106,119,125,128,131,169],"support":[49,78,121],"vectors":[50,79,122],"and":[51,61,80,100,130,152],"optimizing":[52],"SVM":[54],"hyperparameters,":[55,129],"which":[56],"comprise":[57],"kernel":[59],"parameter":[60],"costs.":[63],"The":[64,141,158],"resulting":[65],"optimization":[66,87,103],"problem":[67,88],"is":[68,89,134,144],"a":[69,114,163],"problem,":[71],"where":[72],"lower":[74,107,132],"level":[75,83,99,133],"determines":[76],"upper":[82,98],"hyperparameters.":[85],"solved":[90],"using":[91,146],"algorithm":[94],"(EA)":[95],"at":[96,105],"sequential":[101],"minimal":[102],"(SMO)":[104],"level.":[108],"These":[109],"two":[110],"methods":[111],"work":[112],"in":[113],"nested":[115],"fashion,":[116],"that":[117],"is,":[118],"optimal":[120],"help":[123],"guide":[124],"search":[126],"of":[127,149,168,171],"initialized":[135],"based":[136],"on":[137],"previous":[138],"successful":[139],"solutions.":[140],"proposed":[142],"method":[143],"assessed":[145],"70":[147],"datasets":[148],"compared":[153],"several":[155],"state-of-the-art":[156],"methods.":[157],"experimental":[159],"results,":[160],"supported":[161],"Bayesian":[164],"test,":[165],"provided":[166],"evidence":[167],"effectiveness":[170],"when":[173],"working":[174],"highly":[176],"datasets.":[178]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-07-22T07:51:19.307946","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}