{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3033987306","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcyb.2020.2996207","title":"ECML: An Ensemble Cascade Metric-Learning Mechanism Toward Face Verification","display_name":"ECML: An Ensemble Cascade Metric-Learning Mechanism Toward Face Verification","publication_year":2020,"publication_date":"2020-06-10","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3033987306","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcyb.2020.2996207","mag":"3033987306","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32520713"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tcyb.2020.2996207","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcyb.2020.2996207","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210191041","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Cybernetics","issn_l":"2168-2267","issn":["2168-2267","2168-2275"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Cybernetics","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102004382","display_name":"Fu Xiong","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8189-7937"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I47720641","display_name":"Huazhong University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00p991c53","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I47720641"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Fu Xiong","raw_affiliation_strings":["National Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Multispectral Information Processing, School of Artificial Intelligence and Automation, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8189-7937","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Multispectral Information Processing, School of Artificial Intelligence and Automation, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I47720641"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100740881","display_name":"Yang Xiao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7739-4146"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I47720641","display_name":"Huazhong University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00p991c53","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I47720641"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yang Xiao","raw_affiliation_strings":["National Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Multispectral Information Processing, School of Artificial Intelligence and Automation, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7739-4146","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Multispectral Information Processing, School of Artificial Intelligence and Automation, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I47720641"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5036358447","display_name":"Zhiguo Cao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9223-1863"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I47720641","display_name":"Huazhong University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00p991c53","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I47720641"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhiguo Cao","raw_affiliation_strings":["National Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Multispectral Information Processing, School of Artificial Intelligence and Automation, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9223-1863","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Multispectral Information Processing, School of Artificial Intelligence and Automation, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I47720641"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101882691","display_name":"Yancheng Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3786-7746"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I47720641","display_name":"Huazhong University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00p991c53","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I47720641"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yancheng Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["National Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Multispectral Information Processing, School of Artificial Intelligence and Automation, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3786-7746","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Multispectral Information Processing, School of Artificial Intelligence and Automation, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I47720641"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5045125183","display_name":"Joey Tianyi Zhou","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4675-7055"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I115228651","display_name":"Agency for Science, Technology and Research","ror":"https://ror.org/036wvzt09","country_code":"SG","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I115228651"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I3004594783","display_name":"Institute of High Performance Computing","ror":"https://ror.org/02n0ejh50","country_code":"SG","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I115228651","https://openalex.org/I3004594783","https://openalex.org/I91275662"]}],"countries":["SG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Joey Tianyi Zhou","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of High Performance Computing, A*STAR, Singapore"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4675-7055","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of High Performance Computing, A*STAR, Singapore","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I115228651","https://openalex.org/I3004594783"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5090881698","display_name":"Jianxin Wu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2085-7568"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I881766915","display_name":"Nanjing University","ror":"https://ror.org/01rxvg760","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I881766915"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jianxin Wu","raw_affiliation_strings":["National Key Laboratory for Novel Software Technology, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2085-7568","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Key Laboratory for Novel Software Technology, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I881766915"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.6347,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":23,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.842158,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"52","issue":"3","first_page":"1736","last_page":"1749"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11448","display_name":"Face recognition and analysis","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11448","display_name":"Face recognition and analysis","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10057","display_name":"Face and Expression Recognition","score":0.9979000091552734,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10331","display_name":"Video Surveillance and Tracking Methods","score":0.996399998664856,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/overfitting","display_name":"Overfitting","score":0.8851849436759949},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7883224487304688},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/metric","display_name":"Metric (unit)","score":0.7700345516204834},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.702161431312561},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.6659048795700073},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/discriminative-model","display_name":"Discriminative model","score":0.655464768409729},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ensemble-learning","display_name":"Ensemble learning","score":0.5886930823326111},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","score":0.480350136756897},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.34292346239089966},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-neural-network","display_name":"Artificial neural network","score":0.2072761356830597}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C22019652","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q331309","display_name":"Overfitting","level":3,"score":0.8851849436759949},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7883224487304688},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C176217482","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860554","display_name":"Metric (unit)","level":2,"score":0.7700345516204834},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.702161431312561},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.6659048795700073},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97931131","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5282087","display_name":"Discriminative model","level":2,"score":0.655464768409729},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C45942800","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q245652","display_name":"Ensemble learning","level":2,"score":0.5886930823326111},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776401178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12050496","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.480350136756897},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.34292346239089966},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.2072761356830597},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C21547014","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1423657","display_name":"Operations management","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000069550","descriptor_name":"Machine Learning","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000069550","descriptor_name":"Machine Learning","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000069550","descriptor_name":"Machine Learning","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000465","descriptor_name":"Algorithms","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000465","descriptor_name":"Algorithms","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000465","descriptor_name":"Algorithms","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D005145","descriptor_name":"Face","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005145","descriptor_name":"Face","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005145","descriptor_name":"Face","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D007858","descriptor_name":"Learning","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D007858","descriptor_name":"Learning","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D007858","descriptor_name":"Learning","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D010363","descriptor_name":"Pattern Recognition, Automated","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D010363","descriptor_name":"Pattern Recognition, Automated","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D010363","descriptor_name":"Pattern Recognition, Automated","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":true}],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tcyb.2020.2996207","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcyb.2020.2996207","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210191041","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Cybernetics","issn_l":"2168-2267","issn":["2168-2267","2168-2275"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Cybernetics","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:32520713","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32520713","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE transactions on cybernetics","raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/10","display_name":"Reduced inequalities","score":0.6899999976158142}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2885069300","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"61876211","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4553199991","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"61502187","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5712451333","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2018YFB1004p600","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335777","funder_display_name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5878787841","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"61772256","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7752757140","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2019kfyXKJC024","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335787","funder_display_name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335777","display_name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","ror":null},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335787","display_name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities","ror":null}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":50,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W166429404","https://openalex.org/W170472577","https://openalex.org/W1509966554","https://openalex.org/W1686810756","https://openalex.org/W1920259731","https://openalex.org/W1949591461","https://openalex.org/W1975780119","https://openalex.org/W1982554717","https://openalex.org/W1982925187","https://openalex.org/W1985225657","https://openalex.org/W2001519147","https://openalex.org/W2036509154","https://openalex.org/W2037034832","https://openalex.org/W2060300932","https://openalex.org/W2068042582","https://openalex.org/W2095705004","https://openalex.org/W2096733369","https://openalex.org/W2100128988","https://openalex.org/W2106053110","https://openalex.org/W2109824782","https://openalex.org/W2114588272","https://openalex.org/W2118294761","https://openalex.org/W2135442311","https://openalex.org/W2148214025","https://openalex.org/W2148350243","https://openalex.org/W2156854584","https://openalex.org/W2166694921","https://openalex.org/W2169495281","https://openalex.org/W2171033594","https://openalex.org/W2194775991","https://openalex.org/W2286133382","https://openalex.org/W2325939864","https://openalex.org/W2404498690","https://openalex.org/W2507855991","https://openalex.org/W2515770085","https://openalex.org/W2520774990","https://openalex.org/W2536626143","https://openalex.org/W2574404198","https://openalex.org/W2593585882","https://openalex.org/W2724359148","https://openalex.org/W2950725885","https://openalex.org/W2963078860","https://openalex.org/W2963094609","https://openalex.org/W2963775347","https://openalex.org/W3016464806","https://openalex.org/W6635298588","https://openalex.org/W6674330103","https://openalex.org/W6675751002","https://openalex.org/W6681239517","https://openalex.org/W6739509182"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1574414179","https://openalex.org/W4362597605","https://openalex.org/W3009056573","https://openalex.org/W2922073769","https://openalex.org/W4297676672","https://openalex.org/W4281702477","https://openalex.org/W4378510483","https://openalex.org/W4376166922","https://openalex.org/W3040691452","https://openalex.org/W1038900426"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Face":[0],"verification":[1],"can":[2,124,153],"be":[3],"regarded":[4],"as":[5],"a":[6,37,45,54,69,110,117],"two-class":[7],"fine-grained":[8],"visual-recognition":[9],"problem.":[10],"Enhancing":[11],"the":[12,19,80,93,97,104,126,145,156],"feature's":[13],"discriminative":[14],"power":[15],"is":[16,28,66,90,120,166,179],"one":[17],"of":[18,108],"key":[20],"problems":[21],"to":[22,31,72,100,168,182],"improve":[23],"its":[24],"performance.":[25],"Metric-learning":[26],"technology":[27],"often":[29],"applied":[30],"address":[32],"this":[33],"need":[34],"while":[35],"achieving":[36],"good":[38],"tradeoff":[39],"between":[40],"underfitting,":[41],"and":[42],"overfitting":[43],"plays":[44],"vital":[46],"role":[47],"in":[48,68,96,155],"metric":[49,64,88],"learning.":[50],"Hence,":[51],"we":[52],"propose":[53],"novel":[55],"ensemble":[56,98],"cascade":[57,70],"metric-learning":[58,113,138,150,170,184],"(ECML)":[59],"mechanism.":[60],"In":[61],"particular,":[62],"hierarchical":[63],"learning":[65,78,89,158],"executed":[67,91],"way":[71],"alleviate":[73],"underfitting.":[74],"Meanwhile,":[75],"at":[76],"each":[77],"level,":[79],"features":[81],"are":[82],"split":[83],"into":[84,144],"nonoverlapping":[85],"groups.":[86],"Then,":[87],"among":[92],"feature":[94,105],"groups":[95],"manner":[99],"resist":[101],"overfitting.":[102],"Considering":[103],"distribution":[106],"characteristics":[107],"faces,":[109],"robust":[111],"Mahalanobis":[112],"method":[114],"(RMML)":[115],"with":[116],"closed-form":[118],"solution":[119],"additionally":[121],"proposed.":[122],"It":[123],"avoid":[125],"computation":[127],"failure":[128],"issue":[129],"on":[130],"an":[131],"inverse":[132],"matrix":[133],"faced":[134],"by":[135],"some":[136],"well-known":[137],"approaches":[139],"(e.g.,":[140],"KISSME).":[141],"Embedding":[142],"RMML":[143],"proposed":[146,176],"ECML":[147,177],"mechanism,":[148],"our":[149],"paradigm":[151],"(EC-RMML)":[152],"run":[154],"one-pass":[157],"manner.":[159],"The":[160,175],"experimental":[161],"results":[162],"demonstrate":[163],"that":[164],"EC-RMML":[165],"superior":[167],"state-of-the-art":[169],"methods":[171],"for":[172],"face":[173],"verification.":[174],"mechanism":[178],"also":[180],"applicable":[181],"other":[183],"approaches.":[185]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-07-22T07:51:19.307946","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}