{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3008058795","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcyb.2020.2972403","title":"The Complexity in Complete Graphic Characterizations of Multiagent Controllability","display_name":"The Complexity in Complete Graphic Characterizations of Multiagent Controllability","publication_year":2020,"publication_date":"2020-02-21","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3008058795","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcyb.2020.2972403","mag":"3008058795","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32092033"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tcyb.2020.2972403","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcyb.2020.2972403","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210191041","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Cybernetics","issn_l":"2168-2267","issn":["2168-2267","2168-2275"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Cybernetics","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5063831056","display_name":"Zhijian Ji","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9666-2572"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I108688024","display_name":"Qingdao University","ror":"https://ror.org/021cj6z65","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I108688024"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Zhijian Ji","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Complexity Science, College of Automation, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Complexity Science, College of Automation, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I108688024"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5045445273","display_name":"Hai Lin","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5242-2366"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I107639228","display_name":"University of Notre Dame","ror":"https://ror.org/00mkhxb43","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I107639228"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hai Lin","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I107639228"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5030592914","display_name":"Shaobin Cao","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I108688024","display_name":"Qingdao University","ror":"https://ror.org/021cj6z65","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I108688024"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shaobin Cao","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Complexity Science, College of Automation, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Complexity Science, College of Automation, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I108688024"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5056392493","display_name":"Qingyuan Qi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8741-6273"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I108688024","display_name":"Qingdao University","ror":"https://ror.org/021cj6z65","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I108688024"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Qingyuan Qi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Complexity Science, College of Automation, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Complexity Science, College of Automation, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I108688024"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5055037158","display_name":"Huizi Ma","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7803-3588"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I80143920","display_name":"Shandong University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/04gtjhw98","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I80143920"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Huizi Ma","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Mathematics and Systems Science, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Mathematics and Systems Science, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I80143920"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5063831056"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I108688024"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":6.6764,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":96,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.97823124,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":98,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"51","issue":"1","first_page":"64","last_page":"76"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10621","display_name":"Gene Regulatory Network Analysis","score":0.9984999895095825,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1312","display_name":"Molecular Biology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10621","display_name":"Gene Regulatory Network Analysis","score":0.9984999895095825,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1312","display_name":"Molecular Biology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10249","display_name":"Distributed Control Multi-Agent Systems","score":0.9970999956130981,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11031","display_name":"Game Theory and Applications","score":0.9514999985694885,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1803","display_name":"Management Science and Operations Research"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/18","display_name":"Decision Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/controllability","display_name":"Controllability","score":0.9702551364898682},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/selection","display_name":"Selection (genetic algorithm)","score":0.6892945766448975},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/network-topology","display_name":"Network topology","score":0.6395230293273926},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/network-controllability","display_name":"Network controllability","score":0.6257767081260681},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6207517981529236},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/graph","display_name":"Graph","score":0.5700398683547974},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/node","display_name":"Node (physics)","score":0.48521021008491516},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/graph-theory","display_name":"Graph theory","score":0.47954699397087097},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/topology","display_name":"Topology (electrical circuits)","score":0.46011975407600403},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/theoretical-computer-science","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","score":0.4355423152446747},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/characterization","display_name":"Characterization (materials science)","score":0.43268880248069763},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematical-optimization","display_name":"Mathematical optimization","score":0.3288983404636383},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.31780537962913513},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.13599523901939392},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/combinatorics","display_name":"Combinatorics","score":0.12580543756484985},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.08771896362304688},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.06206929683685303}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48209547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1331104","display_name":"Controllability","level":2,"score":0.9702551364898682},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81917197","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q628760","display_name":"Selection (genetic algorithm)","level":2,"score":0.6892945766448975},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199845137","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q145490","display_name":"Network topology","level":2,"score":0.6395230293273926},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41982775","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7000977","display_name":"Network controllability","level":4,"score":0.6257767081260681},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6207517981529236},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C132525143","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141488","display_name":"Graph","level":2,"score":0.5700398683547974},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62611344","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1062658","display_name":"Node (physics)","level":2,"score":0.48521021008491516},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C88230418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131476","display_name":"Graph theory","level":2,"score":0.47954699397087097},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C184720557","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7825049","display_name":"Topology (electrical circuits)","level":2,"score":0.46011975407600403},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C80444323","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2878974","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","level":1,"score":0.4355423152446747},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780841128","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5073781","display_name":"Characterization (materials science)","level":2,"score":0.43268880248069763},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126255220","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141495","display_name":"Mathematical optimization","level":1,"score":0.3288983404636383},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.31780537962913513},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.13599523901939392},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C114614502","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q76592","display_name":"Combinatorics","level":1,"score":0.12580543756484985},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.08771896362304688},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.06206929683685303},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C117045392","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4899215","display_name":"Betweenness centrality","level":3,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C66938386","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q633538","display_name":"Structural engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28826006","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q33521","display_name":"Applied mathematics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C171250308","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11468","display_name":"Nanotechnology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192562407","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736","display_name":"Materials science","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C53811970","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5062194","display_name":"Centrality","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tcyb.2020.2972403","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcyb.2020.2972403","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210191041","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Cybernetics","issn_l":"2168-2267","issn":["2168-2267","2168-2275"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Cybernetics","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:32092033","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32092033","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE transactions on cybernetics","raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2283562171","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"61903210","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3685445217","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"61873136","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8319193820","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"61603288","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":60,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1963649370","https://openalex.org/W1971437405","https://openalex.org/W1977594883","https://openalex.org/W1982821381","https://openalex.org/W1986918609","https://openalex.org/W1990032525","https://openalex.org/W1995688087","https://openalex.org/W1996280997","https://openalex.org/W1999823604","https://openalex.org/W2014706340","https://openalex.org/W2029974343","https://openalex.org/W2033800890","https://openalex.org/W2046830398","https://openalex.org/W2054191858","https://openalex.org/W2060176024","https://openalex.org/W2067483874","https://openalex.org/W2077076780","https://openalex.org/W2095276381","https://openalex.org/W2104088498","https://openalex.org/W2106658884","https://openalex.org/W2126826802","https://openalex.org/W2137606072","https://openalex.org/W2140623975","https://openalex.org/W2145291156","https://openalex.org/W2168109446","https://openalex.org/W2205857407","https://openalex.org/W2290598907","https://openalex.org/W2295177395","https://openalex.org/W2308148917","https://openalex.org/W2336159922","https://openalex.org/W2401828442","https://openalex.org/W2474202233","https://openalex.org/W2490503364","https://openalex.org/W2511127296","https://openalex.org/W2552268753","https://openalex.org/W2592698596","https://openalex.org/W2608101173","https://openalex.org/W2623040701","https://openalex.org/W2624130076","https://openalex.org/W2729674125","https://openalex.org/W2734593805","https://openalex.org/W2755424168","https://openalex.org/W2791111128","https://openalex.org/W2792799644","https://openalex.org/W2806936045","https://openalex.org/W2810546781","https://openalex.org/W2890167193","https://openalex.org/W2891544371","https://openalex.org/W2903483009","https://openalex.org/W2904413495","https://openalex.org/W2909993591","https://openalex.org/W2914108621","https://openalex.org/W2922262644","https://openalex.org/W2963252619","https://openalex.org/W2963420183","https://openalex.org/W2963911260","https://openalex.org/W2970404488","https://openalex.org/W3105881406","https://openalex.org/W4289766034","https://openalex.org/W6678763006"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2895969319","https://openalex.org/W2594902070","https://openalex.org/W2288444165","https://openalex.org/W2910288441","https://openalex.org/W2886366616","https://openalex.org/W2508095019","https://openalex.org/W2229005201","https://openalex.org/W2738802168","https://openalex.org/W2765453580","https://openalex.org/W2809232301"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Establishing":[0],"the":[1,5,16,20,30,33,37,67,82,90,107,112,129,132,155],"graph-based":[2],"criterion":[3],"for":[4,40,66],"selection":[6,103,159],"of":[7,13,24,32,46,52,54,74,114,124,160],"any":[8,11,101,158],"location":[9],"and":[10,63,109,126],"number":[12],"leaders":[14],"is":[15],"main":[17],"difficulty":[18,108],"in":[19,111],"complete":[21,68,115],"graphic":[22,69,117],"characterization":[23,70],"multiagent":[25],"controllability.":[26],"This":[27],"greatly":[28],"increases":[29],"complexity":[31,110,135],"study,":[34],"compared":[35],"with":[36],"results":[38,95,130,143],"derived":[39,145],"only":[41,98,139],"one":[42,140],"or":[43],"several":[44],"classes":[45],"leaders.":[47,161],"Through":[48],"a":[49,60],"detailed":[50],"analysis":[51],"graphs":[53,122],"six":[55,127],"nodes,":[56,128],"this":[57],"article":[58],"presents":[59],"systematic":[61],"design":[62,150],"identification":[64],"process":[65],"by":[71,81,120,137],"taking":[72],"advantage":[73],"controllability":[75,88,116,134,156],"destructive":[76],"nodes.":[77],"The":[78,94],"topologies":[79],"obtained":[80],"proposed":[83],"method":[84],"allow":[85],"directly":[86],"determining":[87],"at":[89],"network":[91],"topology":[92,151],"level.":[93],"are":[96,144],"not":[97],"applicable":[99],"to":[100,146,149,153],"leader's":[102],"but":[104],"also":[105],"reveal":[106,131],"study":[113],"characterizations.":[118],"Moreover,":[119],"comparing":[121],"composed":[123],"five":[125],"graph-theory-based":[133],"caused":[136],"adding":[138],"node.":[141],"Finally,":[142],"show":[147],"how":[148],"structures":[152],"ensure":[154],"under":[157]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":13},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":18},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":27},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":22}],"updated_date":"2026-03-27T14:29:43.386196","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}