{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3008162146","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcyb.2020.2969520","title":"Intelligent Visual Acuity Estimation System With Hand Motion Recognition","display_name":"Intelligent Visual Acuity Estimation System With Hand Motion Recognition","publication_year":2020,"publication_date":"2020-02-20","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3008162146","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcyb.2020.2969520","mag":"3008162146","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32092028"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tcyb.2020.2969520","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcyb.2020.2969520","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210191041","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Cybernetics","issn_l":"2168-2267","issn":["2168-2267","2168-2275"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Cybernetics","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101437262","display_name":"Chun-Jie Chiu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4040-8521"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I148366613","display_name":"National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University","ror":"https://ror.org/00se2k293","country_code":"TW","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I148366613"]}],"countries":["TW"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Chun-Jie Chiu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, Taiwan"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, Taiwan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I148366613"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5076901575","display_name":"Yu-Chieh Tien","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I148366613","display_name":"National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University","ror":"https://ror.org/00se2k293","country_code":"TW","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I148366613"]}],"countries":["TW"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yu-Chieh Tien","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, Taiwan"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, Taiwan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I148366613"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5020169858","display_name":"Kai\u2010Ten Feng","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2781-8449"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I148366613","display_name":"National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University","ror":"https://ror.org/00se2k293","country_code":"TW","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I148366613"]}],"countries":["TW"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kai-Ten Feng","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, Taiwan"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, Taiwan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I148366613"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5086912890","display_name":"Po\u2010Hsuan Tseng","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9542-5639"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I118292597","display_name":"National Taipei University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00cn92c09","country_code":"TW","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I118292597"]}],"countries":["TW"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Po-Hsuan Tseng","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electronic Engineering, National Taipei University of Technology, Taipei, Taiwan"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electronic Engineering, National Taipei University of Technology, Taipei, Taiwan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I118292597"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5101437262"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I148366613"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.7369,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":8,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.70183443,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":96},"biblio":{"volume":"51","issue":"12","first_page":"6226","last_page":"6239"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11398","display_name":"Hand Gesture Recognition Systems","score":0.9991000294685364,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1709","display_name":"Human-Computer Interaction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11398","display_name":"Hand Gesture Recognition Systems","score":0.9991000294685364,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1709","display_name":"Human-Computer Interaction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10914","display_name":"Tactile and Sensory Interactions","score":0.9986000061035156,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11707","display_name":"Gaze Tracking and Assistive Technology","score":0.9962999820709229,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1709","display_name":"Human-Computer Interaction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.7174820303916931},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7017765045166016},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/motion","display_name":"Motion (physics)","score":0.5321261882781982},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/logarithm","display_name":"Logarithm","score":0.5184752345085144},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.464619517326355},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.4571705758571625},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-neural-network","display_name":"Artificial neural network","score":0.43467265367507935},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/line","display_name":"Line (geometry)","score":0.4130992889404297},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.3469882607460022},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.15294551849365234}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.7174820303916931},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7017765045166016},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104114177","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q79782","display_name":"Motion (physics)","level":2,"score":0.5321261882781982},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39927690","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11197","display_name":"Logarithm","level":2,"score":0.5184752345085144},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.464619517326355},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.4571705758571625},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.43467265367507935},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C198352243","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37105","display_name":"Line (geometry)","level":2,"score":0.4130992889404297},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.3469882607460022},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.15294551849365234},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000069550","descriptor_name":"Machine Learning","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000069550","descriptor_name":"Machine Learning","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000069550","descriptor_name":"Machine Learning","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000465","descriptor_name":"Algorithms","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000465","descriptor_name":"Algorithms","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000465","descriptor_name":"Algorithms","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006225","descriptor_name":"Hand","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D006225","descriptor_name":"Hand","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D006225","descriptor_name":"Hand","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D014787","descriptor_name":"Vision Tests","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D014787","descriptor_name":"Vision Tests","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D014787","descriptor_name":"Vision Tests","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D014792","descriptor_name":"Visual Acuity","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D014792","descriptor_name":"Visual Acuity","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D014792","descriptor_name":"Visual Acuity","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false}],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tcyb.2020.2969520","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcyb.2020.2969520","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210191041","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Cybernetics","issn_l":"2168-2267","issn":["2168-2267","2168-2275"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Cybernetics","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:32092028","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32092028","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE transactions on cybernetics","raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","display_name":"Quality Education","score":0.49000000953674316}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1265745223","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"108-2218-E-009-026","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322108","funder_display_name":"Ministry of Science and Technology"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1798881568","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"107-2622-8-009-020","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322108","funder_display_name":"Ministry of Science and Technology"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5640140400","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"107-2221-E-027-040-MY2","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322108","funder_display_name":"Ministry of Science and Technology"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6572689735","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"107-2221-E-009-058-MY3","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322108","funder_display_name":"Ministry of Science and Technology"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322108","display_name":"Ministry of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/032e49973"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":29,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W119609837","https://openalex.org/W759587468","https://openalex.org/W1550277507","https://openalex.org/W1723619723","https://openalex.org/W1993590286","https://openalex.org/W1993743821","https://openalex.org/W2005374071","https://openalex.org/W2013097262","https://openalex.org/W2014470971","https://openalex.org/W2036033786","https://openalex.org/W2038070717","https://openalex.org/W2039604658","https://openalex.org/W2040249719","https://openalex.org/W2042036980","https://openalex.org/W2045512270","https://openalex.org/W2071562725","https://openalex.org/W2078811710","https://openalex.org/W2088177572","https://openalex.org/W2092816272","https://openalex.org/W2100595539","https://openalex.org/W2122936696","https://openalex.org/W2164136900","https://openalex.org/W2297328716","https://openalex.org/W2327679490","https://openalex.org/W2538299057","https://openalex.org/W2766566316","https://openalex.org/W6622126485","https://openalex.org/W6632974146","https://openalex.org/W6729004688"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2046736294","https://openalex.org/W4401442391","https://openalex.org/W2980815195","https://openalex.org/W48199998","https://openalex.org/W1519526186","https://openalex.org/W2260200182","https://openalex.org/W4293584968","https://openalex.org/W2384758770","https://openalex.org/W2032964960","https://openalex.org/W4382701036"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Visual":[0],"acuity":[1],"(VA)":[2],"measurement":[3,15],"is":[4,73,195,230],"utilized":[5],"to":[6,20,24,33,97,131,147,171,197],"test":[7],"a":[8,17,22,29,68,156,161,189,204,240,260],"subject's":[9,151],"acuteness":[10],"of":[11,36,47,175,185,209,242,246,249],"vision.":[12],"Conventional":[13],"VA":[14,49,92,119,125,138,268],"requires":[16],"physician's":[18],"assistance":[19],"ask":[21],"subject":[23,130],"speak":[25],"out":[26],"or":[27,65,79],"wave":[28],"hand":[30,191,199],"in":[31,54,133,235],"response":[32],"the":[34,86,91,103,107,129,150,173,177,182,186,210,218,223,243],"direction":[35],"an":[37,117,134],"optotype.":[38],"To":[39,111],"avoid":[40],"this":[41],"repetitive":[42],"testing":[43,72,109,226,236],"procedure,":[44],"different":[45],"types":[46],"automatic":[48,124,267],"tests":[50],"have":[51],"been":[52],"developed":[53,146],"recent":[55],"years":[56],"by":[57,153,203],"adopting":[58],"contact-based":[59,71],"responses,":[60],"such":[61],"as":[62,75,77,179,181,228],"pushing":[63],"buttons":[64],"keyboards":[66],"on":[67,90,106],"device.":[69,110],"However,":[70],"not":[74],"intuitive":[76],"speaking":[78],"waving":[80],"hands,":[81],"and":[82,160,264],"it":[83,229],"may":[84,99],"distract":[85],"subjects":[87,104],"from":[88],"concentrating":[89],"test.":[93],"Moreover,":[94],"problems":[95],"related":[96],"hygiene":[98],"arise":[100],"if":[101],"all":[102],"operate":[105],"same":[108],"overcome":[112],"these":[113],"problems,":[114],"we":[115],"propose":[116],"intelligent":[118],"estimation":[120,139],"(iVAE)":[121],"system":[122,221,258],"for":[123,262],"measurements":[126],"that":[127,217,255],"assists":[128],"respond":[132],"intuitive,":[135],"noncontact":[136,266],"manner.":[137],"algorithms":[140],"using":[141],"maximum":[142],"likelihood":[143],"(VAML)":[144],"are":[145],"automatically":[148],"estimate":[149],"vision":[152],"compromising":[154],"between":[155],"prespecified":[157],"logistic":[158],"function":[159],"machine-learning":[162],"technique.":[163],"The":[164],"neural-network":[165],"model":[166],"adapts":[167],"human":[168],"learning":[169],"behavior":[170],"consider":[172],"accuracy":[174],"recognizing":[176],"optotype":[178,212],"well":[180],"reaction":[183],"time":[184],"subject.":[187],"Furthermore,":[188],"velocity-based":[190],"motion":[192,200],"recognition":[193],"algorithm":[194],"adopted":[196],"classify":[198],"data,":[201],"collected":[202],"sensing":[205],"device,":[206],"into":[207],"one":[208],"four":[211],"directions.":[213],"Realistic":[214],"experiments":[215],"show":[216],"proposed":[219,257],"iVAE":[220],"outperforms":[222],"conventional":[224],"line-by-line":[225],"method":[227,261],"approximately":[231],"ten":[232],"times":[233],"faster":[234],"trials":[237],"while":[238],"achieving":[239],"logarithm":[241],"minimum":[244],"angle":[245],"resolution":[247],"error":[248],"less":[250],"than":[251],"0.2.":[252],"We":[253],"believe":[254],"our":[256],"provides":[259],"accurate":[263],"fast":[265],"testing.":[269]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}