{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2581325886","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcyb.2016.2646483","title":"The Roles of Feedback and Feedforward as Humans Learn to Control Unknown Dynamic Systems","display_name":"The Roles of Feedback and Feedforward as Humans Learn to Control Unknown Dynamic Systems","publication_year":2017,"publication_date":"2017-01-26","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2581325886","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcyb.2016.2646483","mag":"2581325886","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28141541"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tcyb.2016.2646483","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcyb.2016.2646483","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210191041","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Cybernetics","issn_l":"2168-2267","issn":["2168-2267","2168-2275"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Cybernetics","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5089544830","display_name":"Xingye Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6111-2661"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I143302722","display_name":"University of Kentucky","ror":"https://ror.org/02k3smh20","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I143302722"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xingye Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I143302722"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5114949393","display_name":"Shaoqian Wang","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I143302722","display_name":"University of Kentucky","ror":"https://ror.org/02k3smh20","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I143302722"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shaoqian Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I143302722"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5064538163","display_name":"Jesse B. Hoagg","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2302-2152"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I143302722","display_name":"University of Kentucky","ror":"https://ror.org/02k3smh20","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I143302722"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jesse B. Hoagg","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2302-2152","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I143302722"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5085615442","display_name":"T. Michael Seigler","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9503-6302"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I143302722","display_name":"University of Kentucky","ror":"https://ror.org/02k3smh20","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I143302722"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"T. Michael Seigler","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I143302722"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":2.3942,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":33,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.88561507,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"48","issue":"2","first_page":"543","last_page":"555"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10982","display_name":"Motor Control and Adaptation","score":0.9957000017166138,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10982","display_name":"Motor Control and Adaptation","score":0.9957000017166138,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10042","display_name":"Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies","score":0.9667999744415283,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11236","display_name":"Control Systems and Identification","score":0.9329000115394592,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feed-forward","display_name":"Feed forward","score":0.9402134418487549},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/control-theory","display_name":"Control theory (sociology)","score":0.6238491535186768},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6020851135253906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/task","display_name":"Task (project management)","score":0.5681174993515015},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/control","display_name":"Control (management)","score":0.5511462688446045},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/inverse-dynamics","display_name":"Inverse dynamics","score":0.5445142388343811},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feedback-control","display_name":"Feedback control","score":0.49023109674453735},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/identification","display_name":"Identification (biology)","score":0.4644826352596283},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/controller","display_name":"Controller (irrigation)","score":0.4573367238044739},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/tracking","display_name":"Tracking (education)","score":0.4287567734718323},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/control-engineering","display_name":"Control engineering","score":0.2851133346557617},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.24035993218421936},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychology","display_name":"Psychology","score":0.22176092863082886},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.13772237300872803}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38858127","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5441228","display_name":"Feed forward","level":2,"score":0.9402134418487549},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47446073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5165890","display_name":"Control theory (sociology)","level":3,"score":0.6238491535186768},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6020851135253906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780451532","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q759676","display_name":"Task (project management)","level":2,"score":0.5681174993515015},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775924081","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q55608371","display_name":"Control (management)","level":2,"score":0.5511462688446045},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187523126","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17098330","display_name":"Inverse dynamics","level":3,"score":0.5445142388343811},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3018651601","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q183635","display_name":"Feedback control","level":2,"score":0.49023109674453735},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C116834253","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2039217","display_name":"Identification (biology)","level":2,"score":0.4644826352596283},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C203479927","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5165939","display_name":"Controller (irrigation)","level":2,"score":0.4573367238044739},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775936607","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466845","display_name":"Tracking (education)","level":2,"score":0.4287567734718323},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C133731056","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4917288","display_name":"Control engineering","level":1,"score":0.2851133346557617},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.24035993218421936},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.22176092863082886},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.13772237300872803},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C59822182","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q441","display_name":"Botany","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39920418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11476","display_name":"Kinematics","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19417346","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7922","display_name":"Pedagogy","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C201995342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q682496","display_name":"Systems engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C6557445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q173113","display_name":"Agronomy","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C74650414","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11397","display_name":"Classical mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000293","descriptor_name":"Adolescent","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000293","descriptor_name":"Adolescent","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000293","descriptor_name":"Adolescent","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000328","descriptor_name":"Adult","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000328","descriptor_name":"Adult","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000328","descriptor_name":"Adult","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000465","descriptor_name":"Algorithms","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000465","descriptor_name":"Algorithms","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000465","descriptor_name":"Algorithms","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005246","descriptor_name":"Feedback","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005246","descriptor_name":"Feedback","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005246","descriptor_name":"Feedback","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D007858","descriptor_name":"Learning","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D007858","descriptor_name":"Learning","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D007858","descriptor_name":"Learning","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008959","descriptor_name":"Models, Neurological","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D008959","descriptor_name":"Models, Neurological","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D008959","descriptor_name":"Models, Neurological","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D011597","descriptor_name":"Psychomotor Performance","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D011597","descriptor_name":"Psychomotor Performance","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D011597","descriptor_name":"Psychomotor Performance","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012815","descriptor_name":"Signal Processing, Computer-Assisted","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012815","descriptor_name":"Signal Processing, Computer-Assisted","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012815","descriptor_name":"Signal Processing, Computer-Assisted","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D055815","descriptor_name":"Young Adult","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D055815","descriptor_name":"Young Adult","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D055815","descriptor_name":"Young Adult","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false}],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tcyb.2016.2646483","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcyb.2016.2646483","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210191041","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Cybernetics","issn_l":"2168-2267","issn":["2168-2267","2168-2275"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Cybernetics","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:28141541","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28141541","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE transactions on cybernetics","raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","score":0.5600000023841858,"display_name":"Quality Education"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2980915774","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"KSEF-148-502-12-288","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320309436","funder_display_name":"Kentucky Science and Energy Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3958177528","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"CMMI-1405257","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7261422603","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"KSEF-148-502-12-288","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320314483","funder_display_name":"Kentucky Science and Engineering Foundation"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","display_name":"National Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/021nxhr62"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320309436","display_name":"Kentucky Science and Energy Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/02a4f2s68"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320314483","display_name":"Kentucky Science and Engineering Foundation","ror":null}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":64,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W135863185","https://openalex.org/W290211900","https://openalex.org/W296863324","https://openalex.org/W1515361063","https://openalex.org/W1516801383","https://openalex.org/W1544443493","https://openalex.org/W1590630105","https://openalex.org/W1885639605","https://openalex.org/W1922715780","https://openalex.org/W1968531484","https://openalex.org/W1980440818","https://openalex.org/W1981249210","https://openalex.org/W1981297107","https://openalex.org/W1982754443","https://openalex.org/W1989605405","https://openalex.org/W1992309097","https://openalex.org/W1994081853","https://openalex.org/W1998440482","https://openalex.org/W2000334474","https://openalex.org/W2008260817","https://openalex.org/W2015668054","https://openalex.org/W2018146940","https://openalex.org/W2020452703","https://openalex.org/W2025697745","https://openalex.org/W2032139276","https://openalex.org/W2034487019","https://openalex.org/W2034976055","https://openalex.org/W2036560603","https://openalex.org/W2043996251","https://openalex.org/W2058406815","https://openalex.org/W2060263298","https://openalex.org/W2062630941","https://openalex.org/W2081817157","https://openalex.org/W2082142922","https://openalex.org/W2084109206","https://openalex.org/W2089253351","https://openalex.org/W2097861969","https://openalex.org/W2103617625","https://openalex.org/W2104151857","https://openalex.org/W2104857204","https://openalex.org/W2105209710","https://openalex.org/W2106950756","https://openalex.org/W2107453664","https://openalex.org/W2108794116","https://openalex.org/W2109430395","https://openalex.org/W2114414717","https://openalex.org/W2127934730","https://openalex.org/W2129955784","https://openalex.org/W2132600173","https://openalex.org/W2133852623","https://openalex.org/W2140366636","https://openalex.org/W2152516907","https://openalex.org/W2155571773","https://openalex.org/W2163820762","https://openalex.org/W2168828075","https://openalex.org/W2238023652","https://openalex.org/W2496953169","https://openalex.org/W2503106869","https://openalex.org/W2725760423","https://openalex.org/W2913465992","https://openalex.org/W4237449103","https://openalex.org/W4249762338","https://openalex.org/W4251318673","https://openalex.org/W6635480254"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2304651687","https://openalex.org/W3022397700","https://openalex.org/W2002264165","https://openalex.org/W2959845408","https://openalex.org/W2091695670","https://openalex.org/W2057462970","https://openalex.org/W2015528486","https://openalex.org/W4231139076","https://openalex.org/W2102065768","https://openalex.org/W4245700617"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"We":[0],"present":[1],"results":[2],"from":[3,43],"an":[4,12],"experiment":[5],"in":[6],"which":[7],"human":[8,129],"subjects":[9,25],"interact":[10],"with":[11],"unknown":[13],"dynamic":[14,118],"system":[15],"40":[16,76],"times":[17],"during":[18],"a":[19,30,125],"two-week":[20],"period.":[21],"During":[22],"each":[23,52,60],"interaction,":[24],"are":[26],"asked":[27],"to":[28,47,58],"perform":[29],"command-following":[31],"(i.e.,":[32],"pursuit":[33],"tracking)":[34],"task.":[35],"Each":[36],"subject's":[37,61],"performance":[38],"at":[39],"that":[40,124],"task":[41],"improves":[42],"the":[44,48,75,78,81,86,97,105,108,114,117,133,139],"first":[45],"trial":[46],"last":[49,106],"trial.":[50],"For":[51],"trial,":[53,107],"we":[54],"use":[55],"subsystem":[56],"identification":[57],"estimate":[59],"feedforward":[62,99,111],"(or":[63,67],"anticipatory)":[64],"control,":[65,69],"feedback":[66,71,83,88],"reactive)":[68],"and":[70,85],"time":[72,89],"delay.":[73],"Over":[74],"trials,":[77],"magnitudes":[79],"of":[80,116,128],"identified":[82,87,98,110],"controllers":[84,100],"delays":[90],"do":[91,101],"not":[92],"change":[93,102],"significantly.":[94,103],"In":[95],"contrast,":[96],"By":[104],"average":[109],"controller":[112],"approximates":[113],"inverse":[115,140],"system.":[119],"This":[120],"observation":[121],"provides":[122],"evidence":[123],"fundamental":[126],"component":[127],"learning":[130],"is":[131],"updating":[132],"anticipatory":[134],"control":[135],"until":[136],"it":[137],"models":[138],"dynamics.":[141]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-06-24T13:16:06.693445","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
