{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2329112369","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcyb.2015.2420316","title":"Optimal Group Size for Software Change Tasks: A Social Information Foraging Perspective","display_name":"Optimal Group Size for Software Change Tasks: A Social Information Foraging Perspective","publication_year":2015,"publication_date":"2015-04-22","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2329112369","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcyb.2015.2420316","mag":"2329112369","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25910274"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tcyb.2015.2420316","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcyb.2015.2420316","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210191041","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Cybernetics","issn_l":"2168-2267","issn":["2168-2267","2168-2275"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Cybernetics","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5058240042","display_name":"Tanmay Bhowmik","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0456-161X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99041443","display_name":"Mississippi State University","ror":"https://ror.org/0432jq872","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210141039","https://openalex.org/I99041443"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tanmay Bhowmik","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99041443"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5044324103","display_name":"Nan Niu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5566-2368"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I63135867","display_name":"University of Cincinnati","ror":"https://ror.org/01e3m7079","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I63135867"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Nan Niu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering and Computing Systems, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5566-2368","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering and Computing Systems, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I63135867"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100394129","display_name":"Wentao Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3444-9004"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I63135867","display_name":"University of Cincinnati","ror":"https://ror.org/01e3m7079","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I63135867"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wentao Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering and Computing Systems, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering and Computing Systems, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I63135867"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5037380566","display_name":"Jing-Ru C. Cheng","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2281-0288"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210088792","display_name":"United States Army","ror":"https://ror.org/00afsp483","country_code":"US","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1304082316","https://openalex.org/I1330347796","https://openalex.org/I4210088792"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210126846","display_name":"Information Technology Laboratory","ror":"https://ror.org/0440c3437","country_code":"US","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1321296531","https://openalex.org/I1343035065","https://openalex.org/I4210126846"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I87303767","display_name":"U.S. Army Engineer Research and Development Center","ror":"https://ror.org/027mhn368","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1304082316","https://openalex.org/I1306490931","https://openalex.org/I1330347796","https://openalex.org/I87303767"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jing-Ru C. Cheng","raw_affiliation_strings":["Information Technology Laboratory, U.S. Army Engineer Research and Development Center, Vicksburg, MS, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Information Technology Laboratory, U.S. Army Engineer Research and Development Center, Vicksburg, MS, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210088792","https://openalex.org/I4210126846","https://openalex.org/I87303767"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100435386","display_name":"Ling Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4809-5750"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210133369","display_name":"Decision Sciences (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/03gcvf773","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210133369"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I81365321","display_name":"Old Dominion University","ror":"https://ror.org/04zjtrb98","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I81365321"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ling Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Information Technology and Decision Sciences, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Information Technology and Decision Sciences, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210133369","https://openalex.org/I81365321"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5024316704","display_name":"Xiongfei Cao","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I126520041","display_name":"University of Science and Technology of China","ror":"https://ror.org/04c4dkn09","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I126520041","https://openalex.org/I19820366"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xiongfei Cao","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Management, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Management, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I126520041"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":8,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":7.6055,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":35,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.96754758,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"46","issue":"8","first_page":"1784","last_page":"1795"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11675","display_name":"Open Source Software Innovations","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1706","display_name":"Computer Science Applications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11675","display_name":"Open Source Software Innovations","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1706","display_name":"Computer Science Applications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10260","display_name":"Software Engineering Research","score":0.9987999796867371,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12478","display_name":"Wikis in Education and Collaboration","score":0.9973999857902527,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3315","display_name":"Communication"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cybernetics","display_name":"Cybernetics","score":0.5892146229743958},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5839436054229736},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software","display_name":"Software","score":0.5275406837463379},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/group","display_name":"Group (periodic table)","score":0.503724992275238},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/perspective","display_name":"Perspective (graphical)","score":0.501018762588501},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/coding","display_name":"Coding (social sciences)","score":0.4968402683734894},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/open-source-software","display_name":"Open source software","score":0.47628894448280334},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/productivity","display_name":"Productivity","score":0.4394236207008362},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/knowledge-management","display_name":"Knowledge management","score":0.43505892157554626},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/foraging","display_name":"Foraging","score":0.43297791481018066},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/task","display_name":"Task (project management)","score":0.4277309775352478},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-science","display_name":"Data science","score":0.3776428699493408},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.19800236821174622},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/statistics","display_name":"Statistics","score":0.14746010303497314},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/management","display_name":"Management","score":0.11607995629310608},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.1033254861831665},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/economics","display_name":"Economics","score":0.08132714033126831}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115286129","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q123637","display_name":"Cybernetics","level":2,"score":0.5892146229743958},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5839436054229736},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777904410","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7397","display_name":"Software","level":2,"score":0.5275406837463379},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781311116","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q83306","display_name":"Group (periodic table)","level":2,"score":0.503724992275238},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12713177","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1900281","display_name":"Perspective (graphical)","level":2,"score":0.501018762588501},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C179518139","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5140297","display_name":"Coding (social sciences)","level":2,"score":0.4968402683734894},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2988343187","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1130645","display_name":"Open source software","level":3,"score":0.47628894448280334},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204983608","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2111958","display_name":"Productivity","level":2,"score":0.4394236207008362},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C56739046","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192060","display_name":"Knowledge management","level":1,"score":0.43505892157554626},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165287380","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2916569","display_name":"Foraging","level":2,"score":0.43297791481018066},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780451532","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q759676","display_name":"Task (project management)","level":2,"score":0.4277309775352478},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2522767166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2374463","display_name":"Data science","level":1,"score":0.3776428699493408},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.19800236821174622},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.14746010303497314},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187736073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2920921","display_name":"Management","level":1,"score":0.11607995629310608},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.1033254861831665},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.08132714033126831},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C139719470","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q39680","display_name":"Macroeconomics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18903297","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7150","display_name":"Ecology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C178790620","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11351","display_name":"Organic chemistry","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tcyb.2015.2420316","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcyb.2015.2420316","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210191041","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Cybernetics","issn_l":"2168-2267","issn":["2168-2267","2168-2275"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Cybernetics","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:25910274","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25910274","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE transactions on cybernetics","raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.6499999761581421,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/8","display_name":"Decent work and economic growth"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6938361383","display_name":"CAREER: Linking the Solo and Social Levels in Software Engineering","funder_award_id":"1350487","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6957073635","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"CCF 1350487","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337387","funder_display_name":"Division of Computing and Communication Foundations"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","display_name":"National Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/021nxhr62"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337387","display_name":"Division of Computing and Communication Foundations","ror":"https://ror.org/01mng8331"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":81,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W103650626","https://openalex.org/W1522222847","https://openalex.org/W1549354799","https://openalex.org/W1599923159","https://openalex.org/W1748815599","https://openalex.org/W1963578450","https://openalex.org/W1976662153","https://openalex.org/W1978714842","https://openalex.org/W1982828967","https://openalex.org/W1987769722","https://openalex.org/W1991284037","https://openalex.org/W1991347287","https://openalex.org/W1994558922","https://openalex.org/W1994885765","https://openalex.org/W1995763455","https://openalex.org/W1996993752","https://openalex.org/W1998507672","https://openalex.org/W2001907377","https://openalex.org/W2005406219","https://openalex.org/W2006192515","https://openalex.org/W2010985317","https://openalex.org/W2021565261","https://openalex.org/W2023911054","https://openalex.org/W2026569904","https://openalex.org/W2027223022","https://openalex.org/W2030284415","https://openalex.org/W2034055240","https://openalex.org/W2036332715","https://openalex.org/W2040243960","https://openalex.org/W2042001389","https://openalex.org/W2042950801","https://openalex.org/W2044049174","https://openalex.org/W2048304653","https://openalex.org/W2049329423","https://openalex.org/W2070527116","https://openalex.org/W2077151172","https://openalex.org/W2081004173","https://openalex.org/W2083082592","https://openalex.org/W2093753056","https://openalex.org/W2094462028","https://openalex.org/W2097662691","https://openalex.org/W2097968575","https://openalex.org/W2100502494","https://openalex.org/W2101341950","https://openalex.org/W2110542691","https://openalex.org/W2112627888","https://openalex.org/W2113351233","https://openalex.org/W2114779045","https://openalex.org/W2116821290","https://openalex.org/W2122441244","https://openalex.org/W2123586642","https://openalex.org/W2124100711","https://openalex.org/W2126112613","https://openalex.org/W2127190390","https://openalex.org/W2131014920","https://openalex.org/W2132801656","https://openalex.org/W2133032989","https://openalex.org/W2134119432","https://openalex.org/W2140246936","https://openalex.org/W2149231960","https://openalex.org/W2151996389","https://openalex.org/W2153641394","https://openalex.org/W2157071571","https://openalex.org/W2157152757","https://openalex.org/W2162181916","https://openalex.org/W2168248828","https://openalex.org/W2170930673","https://openalex.org/W2171099663","https://openalex.org/W2171732984","https://openalex.org/W2294130646","https://openalex.org/W2983995785","https://openalex.org/W3121143339","https://openalex.org/W3139818494","https://openalex.org/W3148527572","https://openalex.org/W4239336087","https://openalex.org/W4241696300","https://openalex.org/W4245995216","https://openalex.org/W4248331228","https://openalex.org/W4292862031","https://openalex.org/W6636002881","https://openalex.org/W6676828249"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4200081355","https://openalex.org/W3081944365","https://openalex.org/W2135179174","https://openalex.org/W1932300341","https://openalex.org/W2294784349","https://openalex.org/W2890381285","https://openalex.org/W1979659965","https://openalex.org/W2136432055","https://openalex.org/W301102721","https://openalex.org/W2048910501"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Group":[0],"size":[1,36,84],"is":[2,31,137],"a":[3,54,69],"key":[4],"factor":[5],"in":[6,44,57,153],"collaborative":[7],"software":[8,48],"development":[9],"and":[10,39,43,85,105,117,159],"many":[11],"other":[12],"cybernetic":[13,41],"applications":[14,42],"where":[15],"task":[16],"assignments":[17],"are":[18],"important.":[19],"While":[20],"methods":[21],"exist":[22],"to":[23,79],"estimate":[24],"its":[25],"value":[26],"for":[27],"proprietary":[28],"projects,":[29],"little":[30],"known":[32],"about":[33],"how":[34],"group":[35,83,87,119],"affects":[37],"distributed":[38],"decentralized":[40],"particular":[45],"open":[46],"source":[47],"(OSS)":[49],"development.":[50],"This":[51,74,108],"paper":[52,109],"presents":[53],"novel":[55],"approach":[56],"which":[58],"we":[59],"frame":[60],"developers'":[61],"collective":[62],"resolution":[63],"of":[64,115,126,151],"OSS":[65],"change":[66],"tasks":[67],"as":[68,139],"social":[70,157],"information":[71],"foraging":[72],"problem.":[73],"new":[75],"perspective":[76],"enables":[77],"us":[78],"predict":[80],"the":[81,95,113,124,133,149],"optimal":[82,116],"quantify":[86],"size's":[88],"effect":[89],"on":[90],"individual":[91],"performance.":[92],"We":[93,142],"test":[94],"theory":[96],"with":[97,128],"data":[98],"mined":[99],"from":[100],"two":[101,154],"projects:":[102],"1)":[103,156],"Firefox":[104],"2)":[106,160],"Mylyn.":[107],"not":[110],"only":[111],"uncovers":[112],"mismatch":[114],"actual":[118],"sizes,":[120],"but":[121],"also":[122],"reveals":[123],"association":[125],"optimality":[127],"improved":[129],"productivity.":[130],"In":[131],"addition,":[132],"social-level":[134],"productivity":[135],"gain":[136],"observed":[138],"project":[140],"evolves.":[141],"show":[143],"this":[144],"paper's":[145],"impact":[146],"by":[147],"extending":[148],"frontiers":[150],"knowledge":[152],"areas:":[155],"coding":[158],"recommendation":[161],"systems.":[162]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-08-06T08:24:18.245995","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}