{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2043699623","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcyb.2014.2379621","title":"Fully Connected Cascade Artificial Neural Network Architecture for Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder Classification From Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging Data","display_name":"Fully Connected Cascade Artificial Neural Network Architecture for Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder Classification From Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging Data","publication_year":2015,"publication_date":"2015-01-06","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2043699623","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcyb.2014.2379621","mag":"2043699623","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25576588"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tcyb.2014.2379621","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcyb.2014.2379621","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210191041","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Cybernetics","issn_l":"2168-2267","issn":["2168-2267","2168-2275"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Cybernetics","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5000419170","display_name":"Gopikrishna Deshpande","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7471-5357"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I82497590","display_name":"Auburn University","ror":"https://ror.org/02v80fc35","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I82497590"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Gopikrishna Deshpande","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Psychology, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7471-5357","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Psychology, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I82497590"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100396043","display_name":"Peng Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5578-3626"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I82497590","display_name":"Auburn University","ror":"https://ror.org/02v80fc35","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I82497590"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Peng Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["AU MRI Research Center, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"AU MRI Research Center, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I82497590"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"D. Rangaprakash","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I82497590","display_name":"Auburn University","ror":"https://ror.org/02v80fc35","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I82497590"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"D. Rangaprakash","raw_affiliation_strings":["AU MRI Research Center, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"AU MRI Research Center, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I82497590"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5084622054","display_name":"Bogdan M. Wilamowski","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210109085","display_name":"University of Information Technology and Management in Rzeszow","ror":"https://ror.org/01t81sv44","country_code":"PL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210109085"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I82497590","display_name":"Auburn University","ror":"https://ror.org/02v80fc35","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I82497590"]}],"countries":["PL","US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Bogdan Wilamowski","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, USA","University of Information Technology and Management, Rzeszow, Poland"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I82497590"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Information Technology and Management, Rzeszow, Poland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210109085"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5000419170"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I82497590"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":5.7883,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":162,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.96789055,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"45","issue":"12","first_page":"2668","last_page":"2679"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10241","display_name":"Functional Brain Connectivity Studies","score":0.9993000030517578,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10241","display_name":"Functional Brain Connectivity Studies","score":0.9993000030517578,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10537","display_name":"Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder","score":0.9980000257492065,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2738","display_name":"Psychiatry and Mental health"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10429","display_name":"EEG and Brain-Computer Interfaces","score":0.9944999814033508,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/discriminative-model","display_name":"Discriminative model","score":0.7090962529182434},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.6909496188163757},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/functional-magnetic-resonance-imaging","display_name":"Functional magnetic resonance imaging","score":0.6757714748382568},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/attention-deficit-hyperactivity-disorder","display_name":"Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder","score":0.6564565300941467},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/neuroimaging","display_name":"Neuroimaging","score":0.6187552213668823},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/support-vector-machine","display_name":"Support vector machine","score":0.5253809690475464},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5198826789855957},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.5187016725540161},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","score":0.4622736871242523},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-neural-network","display_name":"Artificial neural network","score":0.4523913264274597},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/orbitofrontal-cortex","display_name":"Orbitofrontal cortex","score":0.43204280734062195},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.4218416213989258},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychology","display_name":"Psychology","score":0.34003904461860657},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/neuroscience","display_name":"Neuroscience","score":0.31817662715911865},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychiatry","display_name":"Psychiatry","score":0.10952743887901306},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/prefrontal-cortex","display_name":"Prefrontal cortex","score":0.10542690753936768}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97931131","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5282087","display_name":"Discriminative model","level":2,"score":0.7090962529182434},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6909496188163757},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779226451","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q903809","display_name":"Functional magnetic resonance imaging","level":2,"score":0.6757714748382568},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780783007","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q181923","display_name":"Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder","level":2,"score":0.6564565300941467},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C58693492","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q551875","display_name":"Neuroimaging","level":2,"score":0.6187552213668823},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12267149","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q282453","display_name":"Support vector machine","level":2,"score":0.5253809690475464},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5198826789855957},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.5187016725540161},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776401178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12050496","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.4622736871242523},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.4523913264274597},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776559556","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18717","display_name":"Orbitofrontal cortex","level":4,"score":0.43204280734062195},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.4218416213989258},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.34003904461860657},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169760540","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207011","display_name":"Neuroscience","level":1,"score":0.31817662715911865},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118552586","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7867","display_name":"Psychiatry","level":1,"score":0.10952743887901306},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781195155","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18680","display_name":"Prefrontal cortex","level":3,"score":0.10542690753936768},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169900460","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2200417","display_name":"Cognition","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D001289","descriptor_name":"Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity","qualifier_ui":"Q000175","qualifier_name":"diagnosis","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D001289","descriptor_name":"Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity","qualifier_ui":"Q000175","qualifier_name":"diagnosis","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D001289","descriptor_name":"Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity","qualifier_ui":"Q000175","qualifier_name":"diagnosis","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D001921","descriptor_name":"Brain","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D001921","descriptor_name":"Brain","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D001921","descriptor_name":"Brain","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D007091","descriptor_name":"Image Processing, Computer-Assisted","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D007091","descriptor_name":"Image Processing, Computer-Assisted","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D007091","descriptor_name":"Image Processing, Computer-Assisted","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008279","descriptor_name":"Magnetic Resonance Imaging","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008279","descriptor_name":"Magnetic Resonance Imaging","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008279","descriptor_name":"Magnetic Resonance Imaging","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012815","descriptor_name":"Signal Processing, Computer-Assisted","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012815","descriptor_name":"Signal Processing, Computer-Assisted","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012815","descriptor_name":"Signal Processing, Computer-Assisted","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D016571","descriptor_name":"Neural Networks, Computer","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D016571","descriptor_name":"Neural Networks, Computer","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D016571","descriptor_name":"Neural Networks, Computer","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D060388","descriptor_name":"Support Vector Machine","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D060388","descriptor_name":"Support Vector Machine","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D060388","descriptor_name":"Support Vector Machine","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false}],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tcyb.2014.2379621","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcyb.2014.2379621","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210191041","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Cybernetics","issn_l":"2168-2267","issn":["2168-2267","2168-2275"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Cybernetics","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:25576588","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25576588","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE transactions on cybernetics","raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Reduced inequalities","score":0.75,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/10"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":68,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W34827228","https://openalex.org/W1964769652","https://openalex.org/W1966461713","https://openalex.org/W1971917261","https://openalex.org/W1973776237","https://openalex.org/W1976047713","https://openalex.org/W1980713635","https://openalex.org/W1990938413","https://openalex.org/W1993852293","https://openalex.org/W1995992667","https://openalex.org/W2006210519","https://openalex.org/W2010549559","https://openalex.org/W2012330206","https://openalex.org/W2019282798","https://openalex.org/W2020126697","https://openalex.org/W2021768951","https://openalex.org/W2023981958","https://openalex.org/W2024665862","https://openalex.org/W2025371899","https://openalex.org/W2028768318","https://openalex.org/W2029682831","https://openalex.org/W2038618926","https://openalex.org/W2040412343","https://openalex.org/W2045989120","https://openalex.org/W2050717100","https://openalex.org/W2053352217","https://openalex.org/W2055033568","https://openalex.org/W2056190996","https://openalex.org/W2059192453","https://openalex.org/W2063284749","https://openalex.org/W2072128103","https://openalex.org/W2072320805","https://openalex.org/W2075564806","https://openalex.org/W2082502102","https://openalex.org/W2091795027","https://openalex.org/W2096023955","https://openalex.org/W2101567517","https://openalex.org/W2105304725","https://openalex.org/W2111174809","https://openalex.org/W2112876062","https://openalex.org/W2113762408","https://openalex.org/W2116079122","https://openalex.org/W2118142823","https://openalex.org/W2122040390","https://openalex.org/W2122457251","https://openalex.org/W2123993001","https://openalex.org/W2124250881","https://openalex.org/W2125818553","https://openalex.org/W2126142057","https://openalex.org/W2132424367","https://openalex.org/W2133323742","https://openalex.org/W2133704721","https://openalex.org/W2133764509","https://openalex.org/W2139391008","https://openalex.org/W2142408637","https://openalex.org/W2148334755","https://openalex.org/W2155482699","https://openalex.org/W2156290221","https://openalex.org/W2156909104","https://openalex.org/W2161066872","https://openalex.org/W2163811629","https://openalex.org/W2168372372","https://openalex.org/W2172274323","https://openalex.org/W2178225550","https://openalex.org/W2319230935","https://openalex.org/W4231109964","https://openalex.org/W4302594429","https://openalex.org/W6641750925"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2965546495","https://openalex.org/W4389116644","https://openalex.org/W2153315159","https://openalex.org/W3103844505","https://openalex.org/W259157601","https://openalex.org/W4205463238","https://openalex.org/W2761785940","https://openalex.org/W2110523656","https://openalex.org/W1482209366","https://openalex.org/W2157385519"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Automated":[0],"recognition":[1],"and":[2,29,93,123,175,178,186],"classification":[3,34,105],"of":[4,8,76,155,158,173],"brain":[5,95],"diseases":[6],"are":[7],"tremendous":[9],"value":[10],"to":[11,72,98,108,121,130,145],"society.":[12],"Attention":[13],"deficit":[14],"hyperactivity":[15],"disorder":[16,22],"(ADHD)":[17],"is":[18,25],"a":[19],"diverse":[20],"spectrum":[21],"whose":[23],"diagnosis":[24],"based":[26],"on":[27],"behavior":[28],"hence":[30],"will":[31],"benefit":[32],"from":[33,57,66,116],"utilizing":[35],"objective":[36],"neuroimaging":[37],"measures.":[38],"Toward":[39],"this":[40,67],"end,":[41],"an":[42,70],"international":[43],"competition":[44,68],"was":[45,119,128],"conducted":[46],"for":[47,86,113],"classifying":[48],"ADHD":[49,115,126,174],"using":[50],"functional":[51],"magnetic":[52],"resonance":[53],"imaging":[54],"data":[55,65],"acquired":[56],"multiple":[58],"sites":[59],"worldwide.":[60],"Here,":[61],"we":[62,133],"consider":[63],"the":[64,74,125,159,163,171,182],"as":[69,149],"example":[71],"illustrate":[73],"utility":[75],"fully":[77],"connected":[78],"cascade":[79],"(FCC)":[80],"artificial":[81],"neural":[82],"network":[83],"(ANN)":[84],"architecture":[85],"performing":[87],"classification.":[88],"We":[89],"employed":[90],"various":[91,187],"directional":[92],"nondirectional":[94],"connectivity-based":[96],"methods":[97],"extract":[99],"discriminative":[100,165],"features":[101,167],"which":[102],"gave":[103],"better":[104],"accuracy":[106,112],"compared":[107,144],"raw":[109],"data.":[110],"Our":[111],"distinguishing":[114],"healthy":[117],"subjects":[118],"close":[120,129],"90%":[122],"between":[124],"subtypes":[127],"95%.":[131],"Further,":[132],"show":[134],"that,":[135],"if":[136],"properly":[137],"used,":[138],"FCC":[139],"ANN":[140],"performs":[141],"very":[142],"well":[143],"other":[146],"classifiers":[147],"such":[148],"support":[150],"vector":[151],"machines":[152],"in":[153,190],"terms":[154],"accuracy,":[156],"irrespective":[157],"feature":[160],"used.":[161],"Finally,":[162],"most":[164],"connectivity":[166,180],"provided":[168],"insights":[169],"about":[170],"pathophysiology":[172],"showed":[176],"reduced":[177],"altered":[179],"involving":[181],"left":[183],"orbitofrontal":[184],"cortex":[185],"cerebellar":[188],"regions":[189],"ADHD.":[191]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":14},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":21},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":14},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":18},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":26},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":24},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":15},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}