{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2042184006","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcyb.2014.2307349","title":"Semi-Supervised and Unsupervised Extreme Learning Machines","display_name":"Semi-Supervised and Unsupervised Extreme Learning Machines","publication_year":2014,"publication_date":"2014-03-12","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2042184006","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcyb.2014.2307349","mag":"2042184006","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25415946"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tcyb.2014.2307349","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcyb.2014.2307349","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210191041","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Cybernetics","issn_l":"2168-2267","issn":["2168-2267","2168-2275"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Cybernetics","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5013240918","display_name":"Gao Huang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7251-0988"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99065089","display_name":"Tsinghua University","ror":"https://ror.org/03cve4549","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Gao Huang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Automation, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China","Department of Automation, Tsinghua University, Beijing (China)"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Automation, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Automation, Tsinghua University, Beijing (China)","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5068624597","display_name":"Shiji Song","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7361-9283"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99065089","display_name":"Tsinghua University","ror":"https://ror.org/03cve4549","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shiji Song","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Automation, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China","Department of Automation, Tsinghua University, Beijing (China)"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Automation, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Automation, Tsinghua University, Beijing (China)","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5089058714","display_name":"Jatinder N.D. Gupta","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8600-8588"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I82495205","display_name":"University of Alabama in Huntsville","ror":"https://ror.org/02zsxwr40","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I82495205"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jatinder N. D. Gupta","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Business Administration, University of Alabama in Huntsville, Huntsville, AL, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Business Administration, University of Alabama in Huntsville, Huntsville, AL, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I82495205"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100752413","display_name":"Cheng Wu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8611-2665"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99065089","display_name":"Tsinghua University","ror":"https://ror.org/03cve4549","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Cheng Wu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Automation, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China","Department of Automation, Tsinghua University, Beijing (China)"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Automation, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Automation, Tsinghua University, Beijing (China)","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":2645,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2645},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":115.7609,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":802,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99976908,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":99,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"44","issue":"12","first_page":"2405","last_page":"2417"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12676","display_name":"Machine Learning and ELM","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12676","display_name":"Machine Learning and ELM","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11307","display_name":"Domain Adaptation and Few-Shot Learning","score":0.9977999925613403,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10057","display_name":"Face and Expression Recognition","score":0.9929999709129333,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/semi-supervised-learning","display_name":"Semi-supervised learning","score":0.7509462833404541},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/extreme-learning-machine","display_name":"Extreme learning machine","score":0.7206728458404541},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6929678916931152},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/unsupervised-learning","display_name":"Unsupervised learning","score":0.6816855669021606},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.6787184476852417},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.6527936458587646},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cluster-analysis","display_name":"Cluster analysis","score":0.5997735857963562},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/supervised-learning","display_name":"Supervised learning","score":0.5990898609161377},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/regularization","display_name":"Regularization (linguistics)","score":0.5603322982788086},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/key","display_name":"Key (lock)","score":0.4700293242931366},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.38006460666656494},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-neural-network","display_name":"Artificial neural network","score":0.20690688490867615}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C58973888","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1041418","display_name":"Semi-supervised learning","level":2,"score":0.7509462833404541},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780150128","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21948731","display_name":"Extreme learning machine","level":3,"score":0.7206728458404541},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6929678916931152},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C8038995","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1152135","display_name":"Unsupervised learning","level":2,"score":0.6816855669021606},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6787184476852417},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.6527936458587646},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C73555534","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q622825","display_name":"Cluster analysis","level":2,"score":0.5997735857963562},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136389625","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q334384","display_name":"Supervised learning","level":3,"score":0.5990898609161377},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776135515","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17143721","display_name":"Regularization (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.5603322982788086},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26517878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228039","display_name":"Key (lock)","level":2,"score":0.4700293242931366},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.38006460666656494},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.20690688490867615},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000465","descriptor_name":"Algorithms","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000465","descriptor_name":"Algorithms","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000465","descriptor_name":"Algorithms","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D001185","descriptor_name":"Artificial Intelligence","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D001185","descriptor_name":"Artificial Intelligence","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D001185","descriptor_name":"Artificial Intelligence","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D010363","descriptor_name":"Pattern Recognition, Automated","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D010363","descriptor_name":"Pattern Recognition, Automated","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D010363","descriptor_name":"Pattern Recognition, Automated","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":false}],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tcyb.2014.2307349","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcyb.2014.2307349","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210191041","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Cybernetics","issn_l":"2168-2267","issn":["2168-2267","2168-2275"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Cybernetics","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:25415946","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25415946","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE transactions on cybernetics","raw_type":"Journal Article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5415057822","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"61273233","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7816325428","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"20130002130010","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320336024","funder_display_name":"Specialized Research Fund for the Doctoral Program of Higher Education of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8593942674","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"20120002110035","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320336024","funder_display_name":"Specialized Research Fund for the Doctoral Program of Higher Education of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320336024","display_name":"Specialized Research Fund for the Doctoral Program of Higher Education of China","ror":null}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":70,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1479807131","https://openalex.org/W1498436455","https://openalex.org/W1532194299","https://openalex.org/W1596717185","https://openalex.org/W1664825283","https://openalex.org/W1992195831","https://openalex.org/W1994292816","https://openalex.org/W2021150359","https://openalex.org/W2026131661","https://openalex.org/W2026854879","https://openalex.org/W2028759731","https://openalex.org/W2042031583","https://openalex.org/W2045427344","https://openalex.org/W2045970963","https://openalex.org/W2053913299","https://openalex.org/W2058128874","https://openalex.org/W2059800482","https://openalex.org/W2061065224","https://openalex.org/W2065060269","https://openalex.org/W2065398998","https://openalex.org/W2065661790","https://openalex.org/W2066877763","https://openalex.org/W2071256736","https://openalex.org/W2072128103","https://openalex.org/W2078622091","https://openalex.org/W2088900648","https://openalex.org/W2097308346","https://openalex.org/W2097533491","https://openalex.org/W2100595623","https://openalex.org/W2103024562","https://openalex.org/W2103560185","https://openalex.org/W2104290444","https://openalex.org/W2105386417","https://openalex.org/W2107008379","https://openalex.org/W2110663062","https://openalex.org/W2111072639","https://openalex.org/W2111406701","https://openalex.org/W2119821739","https://openalex.org/W2122565017","https://openalex.org/W2125874614","https://openalex.org/W2129796157","https://openalex.org/W2131153761","https://openalex.org/W2134603844","https://openalex.org/W2136504847","https://openalex.org/W2141695047","https://openalex.org/W2148029428","https://openalex.org/W2155399784","https://openalex.org/W2155482699","https://openalex.org/W2156909104","https://openalex.org/W2158054309","https://openalex.org/W2158542502","https://openalex.org/W2159291644","https://openalex.org/W2159880745","https://openalex.org/W2165874743","https://openalex.org/W2168618665","https://openalex.org/W2168928374","https://openalex.org/W2169203254","https://openalex.org/W2993845287","https://openalex.org/W2997701990","https://openalex.org/W3018189936","https://openalex.org/W3120740533","https://openalex.org/W4230674625","https://openalex.org/W4231109964","https://openalex.org/W4239510810","https://openalex.org/W4285719527","https://openalex.org/W6637179743","https://openalex.org/W6675747103","https://openalex.org/W6676132248","https://openalex.org/W6677987841","https://openalex.org/W6684578312"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3148060700","https://openalex.org/W2794908468","https://openalex.org/W2531570999","https://openalex.org/W2553312496","https://openalex.org/W2042184006","https://openalex.org/W4319302697","https://openalex.org/W2921630034","https://openalex.org/W4390062853","https://openalex.org/W4310801741","https://openalex.org/W4317542939"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Extreme":[0],"learning":[1,11,25,86,183],"machines":[2],"(ELMs)":[3],"have":[4,33],"proven":[5],"to":[6,23,36],"be":[7,135],"efficient":[8],"and":[9,16,49,80,88,103,109,130,189],"effective":[10],"mechanisms":[12],"for":[13,46,145],"pattern":[14],"classification":[15,99],"regression.":[17],"However,":[18],"ELMs":[19,35,45,132],"are":[20,71,107,175],"primarily":[21],"applied":[22],"supervised":[24],"problems.":[26],"Only":[27],"a":[28,138,164],"few":[29],"existing":[30],"research":[31],"papers":[32],"used":[34],"explore":[37],"unlabeled":[38],"data.":[39],"In":[40],"this":[41,123],"paper,":[42],"we":[43],"extend":[44],"both":[47,75,94,105],"semi-supervised":[48,77,180],"unsupervised":[50,82,131,182],"tasks":[51],"based":[52],"on":[53,163],"the":[54,60,68,76,81,127,147,155,172,178],"manifold":[55],"regularization,":[56],"thus":[57],"greatly":[58],"expanding":[59],"applicability":[61],"of":[62,67,91,149,167,187],"ELMs.":[63],"The":[64],"key":[65,156],"advantages":[66],"proposed":[69,173],"algorithms":[70,95,106,174,184],"as":[72],"follows:":[73],"1)":[74],"ELM":[78,83,159],"(SS-ELM)":[79],"(US-ELM)":[84],"exhibit":[85],"capability":[87],"computational":[89],"efficiency":[90],"ELMs;":[92],"2)":[93],"naturally":[96],"handle":[97,111],"multiclass":[98],"or":[100,181],"multicluster":[101],"clustering;":[102],"3)":[104],"inductive":[108],"can":[110,133],"unseen":[112],"data":[113,168],"at":[114],"test":[115],"time":[116],"directly.":[117],"Moreover,":[118],"it":[119],"is":[120,154],"shown":[121],"in":[122,158,185],"paper":[124],"that":[125,171],"all":[126],"supervised,":[128],"semi-supervised,":[129],"actually":[134],"put":[136],"into":[137],"unified":[139],"framework.":[140],"This":[141],"provides":[142],"new":[143],"perspectives":[144],"understanding":[146],"mechanism":[148],"random":[150],"feature":[151],"mapping,":[152],"which":[153],"concept":[157],"theory.":[160],"Empirical":[161],"study":[162],"wide":[165],"range":[166],"sets":[169],"demonstrates":[170],"competitive":[176],"with":[177],"state-of-the-art":[179],"terms":[186],"accuracy":[188],"efficiency.":[190]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":17},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":25},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":50},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":40},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":58},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":88},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":87},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":94},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":102},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":92},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":70},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":65},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":14}],"updated_date":"2026-08-21T09:56:20.448147","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}