{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2091507572","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcyb.2014.2306916","title":"Efficient and Robust Pupil Size and Blink Estimation From Near-Field Video Sequences for Human\u2013Machine Interaction","display_name":"Efficient and Robust Pupil Size and Blink Estimation From Near-Field Video Sequences for Human\u2013Machine Interaction","publication_year":2014,"publication_date":"2014-03-21","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2091507572","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcyb.2014.2306916","mag":"2091507572","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24691198"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tcyb.2014.2306916","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcyb.2014.2306916","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210191041","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Cybernetics","issn_l":"2168-2267","issn":["2168-2267","2168-2275"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Cybernetics","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5031450947","display_name":"Siyuan Chen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0272-5841"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I31746571","display_name":"UNSW Sydney","ror":"https://ror.org/03r8z3t63","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I31746571"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I42894916","display_name":"Data61","ror":"https://ror.org/03q397159","country_code":"AU","type":"other","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1292875679","https://openalex.org/I2801453606","https://openalex.org/I42894916","https://openalex.org/I4387156119"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Siyuan Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["ATP Research Laboratory, National ICT Australia, Sydney, Australia","School of Electrical Engineering and Telecommunications, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"ATP Research Laboratory, National ICT Australia, Sydney, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I42894916"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical Engineering and Telecommunications, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I31746571"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5030922449","display_name":"Julien Epps","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6624-5551"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I31746571","display_name":"UNSW Sydney","ror":"https://ror.org/03r8z3t63","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I31746571"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I42894916","display_name":"Data61","ror":"https://ror.org/03q397159","country_code":"AU","type":"other","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1292875679","https://openalex.org/I2801453606","https://openalex.org/I42894916","https://openalex.org/I4387156119"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Julien Epps","raw_affiliation_strings":["ATP Research Laboratory, National ICT Australia, Sydney, Australia","School of Electrical Engineering and Telecommunications, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"ATP Research Laboratory, National ICT Australia, Sydney, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I42894916"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical Engineering and Telecommunications, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I31746571"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":2645,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2645},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":8.0338,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":57,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.96972549,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"44","issue":"12","first_page":"2356","last_page":"2367"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11707","display_name":"Gaze Tracking and Assistive Technology","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1709","display_name":"Human-Computer Interaction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11707","display_name":"Gaze Tracking and Assistive Technology","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1709","display_name":"Human-Computer Interaction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10429","display_name":"EEG and Brain-Computer Interfaces","score":0.9829999804496765,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11438","display_name":"Retinal Imaging and Analysis","score":0.979200005531311,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2741","display_name":"Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7541203498840332},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/robustness","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","score":0.6978092193603516},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.6165747046470642},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.6141178607940674},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ellipse","display_name":"Ellipse","score":0.6072374582290649},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pupil","display_name":"Pupil","score":0.5764283537864685},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/human-eye","display_name":"Human eye","score":0.4494672119617462},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.1234065592288971},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optics","display_name":"Optics","score":0.09168922901153564}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7541203498840332},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C63479239","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7353546","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","level":3,"score":0.6978092193603516},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6165747046470642},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.6141178607940674},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C74261601","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q40112","display_name":"Ellipse","level":2,"score":0.6072374582290649},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777394604","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q173318","display_name":"Pupil","level":2,"score":0.5764283537864685},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781427961","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q430024","display_name":"Human eye","level":2,"score":0.4494672119617462},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.1234065592288971},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.09168922901153564},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104317684","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7187","display_name":"Gene","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55493867","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7094","display_name":"Biochemistry","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000465","descriptor_name":"Algorithms","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000465","descriptor_name":"Algorithms","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000465","descriptor_name":"Algorithms","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D001767","descriptor_name":"Blinking","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D001767","descriptor_name":"Blinking","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D001767","descriptor_name":"Blinking","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D007090","descriptor_name":"Image Interpretation, Computer-Assisted","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D007090","descriptor_name":"Image Interpretation, Computer-Assisted","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D007090","descriptor_name":"Image Interpretation, Computer-Assisted","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D007498","descriptor_name":"Iris","qualifier_ui":"Q000033","qualifier_name":"anatomy & histology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D007498","descriptor_name":"Iris","qualifier_ui":"Q000033","qualifier_name":"anatomy & histology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D007498","descriptor_name":"Iris","qualifier_ui":"Q000033","qualifier_name":"anatomy & histology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D007498","descriptor_name":"Iris","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D007498","descriptor_name":"Iris","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D007498","descriptor_name":"Iris","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008328","descriptor_name":"Man-Machine Systems","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D008328","descriptor_name":"Man-Machine Systems","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D008328","descriptor_name":"Man-Machine Systems","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D010363","descriptor_name":"Pattern Recognition, Automated","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D010363","descriptor_name":"Pattern Recognition, Automated","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D010363","descriptor_name":"Pattern Recognition, Automated","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D010781","descriptor_name":"Photography","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D010781","descriptor_name":"Photography","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D010781","descriptor_name":"Photography","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012680","descriptor_name":"Sensitivity and Specificity","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012680","descriptor_name":"Sensitivity and Specificity","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012680","descriptor_name":"Sensitivity and Specificity","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D014584","descriptor_name":"User-Computer Interface","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D014584","descriptor_name":"User-Computer Interface","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D014584","descriptor_name":"User-Computer Interface","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D014741","descriptor_name":"Video Recording","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D014741","descriptor_name":"Video Recording","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D014741","descriptor_name":"Video Recording","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D015203","descriptor_name":"Reproducibility of Results","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D015203","descriptor_name":"Reproducibility of Results","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D015203","descriptor_name":"Reproducibility of Results","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false}],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tcyb.2014.2306916","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcyb.2014.2306916","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210191041","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Cybernetics","issn_l":"2168-2267","issn":["2168-2267","2168-2275"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Cybernetics","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:24691198","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24691198","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE transactions on cybernetics","raw_type":"Journal Article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":47,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W16865847","https://openalex.org/W60427335","https://openalex.org/W1483384508","https://openalex.org/W1516512487","https://openalex.org/W1528916760","https://openalex.org/W1547714734","https://openalex.org/W1910700357","https://openalex.org/W1963488110","https://openalex.org/W1971154521","https://openalex.org/W1971503034","https://openalex.org/W1973613120","https://openalex.org/W1974622815","https://openalex.org/W1979393293","https://openalex.org/W1980877068","https://openalex.org/W1992755595","https://openalex.org/W1999478155","https://openalex.org/W2007781251","https://openalex.org/W2008043556","https://openalex.org/W2029570806","https://openalex.org/W2030595170","https://openalex.org/W2040132210","https://openalex.org/W2066350139","https://openalex.org/W2077869260","https://openalex.org/W2087993726","https://openalex.org/W2089040462","https://openalex.org/W2100603595","https://openalex.org/W2107486366","https://openalex.org/W2107956149","https://openalex.org/W2122340529","https://openalex.org/W2125186487","https://openalex.org/W2128221159","https://openalex.org/W2131548897","https://openalex.org/W2133003941","https://openalex.org/W2133059825","https://openalex.org/W2133340552","https://openalex.org/W2143304178","https://openalex.org/W2148322785","https://openalex.org/W2155217597","https://openalex.org/W2166325560","https://openalex.org/W2167020116","https://openalex.org/W2171759622","https://openalex.org/W2610225343","https://openalex.org/W2740373864","https://openalex.org/W6600688122","https://openalex.org/W6628660325","https://openalex.org/W6676453642","https://openalex.org/W6737289374"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2371136327","https://openalex.org/W4293234107","https://openalex.org/W2370549269","https://openalex.org/W2386824811","https://openalex.org/W2110614960","https://openalex.org/W2912670724","https://openalex.org/W2262968746","https://openalex.org/W3169072882","https://openalex.org/W3018612960","https://openalex.org/W2524668083"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Monitoring":[0],"pupil":[1,19,76,104],"and":[2,17,21,94,107,149,154,172,217],"blink":[3,22],"dynamics":[4],"has":[5],"applications":[6,32,212],"in":[7,160,177,202,220],"cognitive":[8],"load":[9,175],"measurement":[10,124,176],"during":[11],"human-machine":[12,178],"interaction.":[13],"However,":[14],"accurate,":[15],"efficient,":[16],"robust":[18],"size":[20],"estimation":[23],"pose":[24],"significant":[25],"challenges":[26],"to":[27,34,41,62,102,108,166],"the":[28,35,75,78,89,110,123,127,161,221],"efficacy":[29],"of":[30,37,49,134,157,163,213],"real-time":[31,214],"due":[33,165],"variability":[36],"eye":[38,65,158],"images,":[39],"hence":[40],"date,":[42],"require":[43],"manual":[44],"intervention":[45],"for":[46,73,151,210],"fine":[47],"tuning":[48,69],"parameters.":[50],"In":[51],"this":[52,183],"paper,":[53],"a":[54,68,83,95,117,189,197,203],"novel":[55],"self-tuning":[56],"threshold":[57,190],"method,":[58],"which":[59],"is":[60,71,130],"applicable":[61],"any":[63],"infrared-illuminated":[64],"images":[66,80],"without":[67,187],"parameter,":[70],"proposed":[72,101,128],"segmenting":[74],"from":[77,182],"background":[79],"recorded":[81],"by":[82],"low":[84],"cost":[85],"webcam":[86],"placed":[87],"near":[88],"eye.":[90],"A":[91],"convex":[92],"hull":[93],"dual-ellipse":[96],"fitting":[97],"method":[98],"are":[99],"also":[100],"select":[103],"boundary":[105],"points":[106],"detect":[109],"eyelid":[111],"occlusion":[112],"state.":[113],"Experimental":[114],"results":[115],"on":[116],"realistic":[118],"video":[119],"dataset":[120],"show":[121],"that":[122,133],"accuracy":[125],"using":[126],"methods":[129,140],"higher":[131],"than":[132],"widely":[135],"used":[136],"manually":[137],"tuned":[138],"parameter":[139,143],"or":[141],"fixed":[142],"methods.":[144],"Importantly,":[145],"it":[146],"demonstrates":[147],"convenience":[148],"robustness":[150],"an":[152],"accurate":[153],"fast":[155],"estimate":[156],"activity":[159],"presence":[162],"variations":[164],"different":[167],"users,":[168],"task":[169,218],"types,":[170],"load,":[171],"environments.":[173],"Cognitive":[174],"interaction":[179],"can":[180,195],"benefit":[181],"computationally":[184],"efficient":[185],"implementation":[186],"requiring":[188],"calibration":[191],"beforehand.":[192],"Thus,":[193],"one":[194],"envisage":[196],"mini":[198],"IR":[199],"camera":[200],"embedded":[201],"lightweight":[204],"glasses":[205],"frame,":[206],"like":[207],"Google":[208],"Glass,":[209],"convenient":[211],"adaptive":[215],"aiding":[216],"management":[219],"future.":[222]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-08-21T09:56:20.448147","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
