{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7128432638","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcsvt.2026.3662759","title":"A Fresh Look at Generalized Category Discovery Through Non-Negative Matrix Factorization","display_name":"A Fresh Look at Generalized Category Discovery Through Non-Negative Matrix Factorization","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-02-09","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7128432638","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcsvt.2026.3662759"},"language":null,"primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tcsvt.2026.3662759","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcsvt.2026.3662759","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S115173108","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems for Video Technology","issn_l":"1051-8215","issn":["1051-8215","1558-2205"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems for Video Technology","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5125432434","display_name":"Zhong Ji","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I162868743","display_name":"Tianjin University","ror":"https://ror.org/012tb2g32","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I162868743"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhong Ji","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electrical and Information Engineering, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Brain-Inspired Intelligence Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2197-3739","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical and Information Engineering, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Brain-Inspired Intelligence Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I162868743"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5125462065","display_name":"Shuo Yang","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I162868743","display_name":"Tianjin University","ror":"https://ror.org/012tb2g32","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I162868743"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shuo Yang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electrical and Information Engineering, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Brain-Inspired Intelligence Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical and Information Engineering, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Brain-Inspired Intelligence Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I162868743"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5006276577","display_name":"Jingren Liu","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I162868743","display_name":"Tianjin University","ror":"https://ror.org/012tb2g32","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I162868743"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jingren Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electrical and Information Engineering, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Brain-Inspired Intelligence Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0009-0163-4105","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical and Information Engineering, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Brain-Inspired Intelligence Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I162868743"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5009590084","display_name":"Yanwei Pang","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I162868743","display_name":"Tianjin University","ror":"https://ror.org/012tb2g32","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I162868743"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yanwei Pang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electrical and Information Engineering, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Brain-Inspired Intelligence Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6670-3727","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical and Information Engineering, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Brain-Inspired Intelligence Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I162868743"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Chen Tang","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I162868743","display_name":"Tianjin University","ror":"https://ror.org/012tb2g32","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I162868743"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chen Tang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electrical and Information Engineering, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Brain-Inspired Intelligence Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical and Information Engineering, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Brain-Inspired Intelligence Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I162868743"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I162868743"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.13797872,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"36","issue":"6","first_page":"8274","last_page":"8288"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11307","display_name":"Domain Adaptation and Few-Shot Learning","score":0.24580000340938568,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11307","display_name":"Domain Adaptation and Few-Shot Learning","score":0.24580000340938568,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10057","display_name":"Face and Expression Recognition","score":0.2371000051498413,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10627","display_name":"Advanced Image and Video Retrieval Techniques","score":0.08980000019073486,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/non-negative-matrix-factorization","display_name":"Non-negative matrix factorization","score":0.6351000070571899},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cluster-analysis","display_name":"Cluster analysis","score":0.6114000082015991},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/matrix-decomposition","display_name":"Matrix decomposition","score":0.5449000000953674},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/matrix-norm","display_name":"Matrix norm","score":0.51910001039505},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/equivalence","display_name":"Equivalence (formal languages)","score":0.5171999931335449},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optimization-problem","display_name":"Optimization problem","score":0.5098000168800354},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cosine-similarity","display_name":"Cosine similarity","score":0.47600001096725464},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/regularization","display_name":"Regularization (linguistics)","score":0.3896999955177307},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/factorization","display_name":"Factorization","score":0.38040000200271606}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C152671427","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10843505","display_name":"Non-negative matrix factorization","level":4,"score":0.6351000070571899},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C73555534","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q622825","display_name":"Cluster analysis","level":2,"score":0.6114000082015991},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C42355184","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1361088","display_name":"Matrix decomposition","level":3,"score":0.5449000000953674},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.5447999835014343},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C92207270","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q939253","display_name":"Matrix norm","level":3,"score":0.51910001039505},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780069185","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7977945","display_name":"Equivalence (formal languages)","level":2,"score":0.5171999931335449},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C137836250","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q984063","display_name":"Optimization problem","level":2,"score":0.5098000168800354},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780762811","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1784941","display_name":"Cosine similarity","level":3,"score":0.47600001096725464},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.4221999943256378},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.39010000228881836},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776135515","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17143721","display_name":"Regularization (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.3896999955177307},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187834632","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188804","display_name":"Factorization","level":2,"score":0.38040000200271606},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C56372850","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1050404","display_name":"Sparse matrix","level":3,"score":0.36730000376701355},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.3630000054836273},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C191795146","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3878446","display_name":"Norm (philosophy)","level":2,"score":0.35910001397132874},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C106487976","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q685816","display_name":"Matrix (chemical analysis)","level":2,"score":0.35280001163482666},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C178009071","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q93344","display_name":"Trigonometric functions","level":2,"score":0.3424000144004822},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C80444323","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2878974","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","level":1,"score":0.3416999876499176},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.33649998903274536},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776639384","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q840396","display_name":"Ideal (ethics)","level":2,"score":0.3328999876976013},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C42058472","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q810214","display_name":"Base (topology)","level":2,"score":0.32330000400543213},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C54848796","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q339011","display_name":"Symmetric matrix","level":3,"score":0.31839999556541443},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C14036430","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3736076","display_name":"Function (biology)","level":2,"score":0.3156999945640564},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C106516650","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm design","level":2,"score":0.28200000524520874},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105611402","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2976589","display_name":"Spectral clustering","level":3,"score":0.2705000042915344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C160920958","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7662746","display_name":"Synthetic data","level":2,"score":0.25850000977516174},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144817290","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2976575","display_name":"Biclustering","level":5,"score":0.2565999925136566},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C147764199","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6865248","display_name":"Minification","level":2,"score":0.2556000053882599}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tcsvt.2026.3662759","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcsvt.2026.3662759","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S115173108","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems for Video Technology","issn_l":"1051-8215","issn":["1051-8215","1558-2205"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems for Video Technology","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G338250432","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62441235","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3930161243","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62176178","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Generalized":[0,55],"Category":[1,56],"Discovery":[2,57],"(GCD)":[3],"aims":[4],"to":[5,34,109,120,142,153],"classify":[6],"both":[7,95],"base":[8,14,43],"and":[9,39,44,77,80,87,100,114,130],"novel":[10,45],"images":[11],"using":[12],"labeled":[13],"data.":[15],"However,":[16],"current":[17],"approaches":[18],"inadequately":[19],"address":[20,48],"the":[21,25,63,71,82,96,111,143,174],"intrinsic":[22],"optimization":[23,97,106],"of":[24,98,171],"co-occurrence":[26],"matrix":[27],"A\u00af":[28,99,137],"based":[29],"on":[30,164,173],"cosine":[31],"similarity,":[32],"failing":[33],"achieve":[35],"zero":[36],"base-novel":[37],"regions":[38],"adequate":[40],"sparsity":[41,155],"in":[42],"domains.":[46],"To":[47,135],"these":[49],"deficiencies,":[50],"we":[51,93,124,146],"propose":[52,125],"a":[53,116,121,126,139,148],"Non-Negative":[54],"(NN-GCD)":[58],"framework.":[59],"By":[60],"establishing":[61],"within":[62],"Symmetric":[64],"Non-negative":[65,88],"Matrix":[66],"Factorization":[67],"(SNMF)":[68],"framework:":[69],"(i)":[70],"equivalence":[72,83],"between":[73,84],"ideal":[74,78],"k-means":[75,101],"clustering":[76,102],"SNMF,":[79],"(ii)":[81],"SNMF":[85],"solvers":[86],"Contrastive":[89],"Learning":[90],"(NCL)":[91],"optimization,":[92],"reformulate":[94],"as":[103],"an":[104,131,168],"NCL":[105],"problem.":[107],"Moreover,":[108],"satisfy":[110],"non-negative":[112],"constraints":[113],"make":[115],"GCD":[117,165],"model":[118],"converge":[119],"near-ideal":[122,140],"region,":[123],"GELU":[127],"activation":[128],"function":[129],"NMF":[132],"NCE":[133],"loss.":[134],"transition":[136],"from":[138],"state":[141],"desired":[144],"A\u00af\u2217,":[145],"introduce":[147],"hybrid":[149],"sparse":[150],"regularization":[151],"approach":[152],"impose":[154],"constraints.":[156],"Experimental":[157],"results":[158],"show":[159],"NN-GCD":[160],"outperforms":[161],"state-of-the-art":[162],"methods":[163],"benchmarks,":[166],"achieving":[167],"average":[169],"accuracy":[170],"66.9%":[172],"Semantic":[175],"Shift":[176],"Benchmark,":[177],"surpassing":[178],"prior":[179],"counterparts":[180],"by":[181],"2.5%.":[182]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-06-06T06:22:57.294733","created_date":"2026-02-10T00:00:00"}