{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7123371062","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcsvt.2026.3653502","title":"AI-Assisted Reversible Data Hiding Using Reinforcement Learning","display_name":"AI-Assisted Reversible Data Hiding Using Reinforcement Learning","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-01-12","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7123371062","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcsvt.2026.3653502"},"language":null,"primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tcsvt.2026.3653502","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcsvt.2026.3653502","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S115173108","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems for Video Technology","issn_l":"1051-8215","issn":["1051-8215","1558-2205"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems for Video Technology","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Cheng Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5669-162X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I198357462","display_name":"Changsha University","ror":"https://ror.org/011d8sm39","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I198357462"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Cheng Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Computer Science and Engineering, Changsha University, Changsha, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5669-162X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Computer Science and Engineering, Changsha University, Changsha, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I198357462"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5122881173","display_name":"Bo Ou","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I16609230","display_name":"Hunan University","ror":"https://ror.org/05htk5m33","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I16609230"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Bo Ou","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Cyber Science and Technology, Hunan University, Changsha, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6936-9955","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Cyber Science and Technology, Hunan University, Changsha, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I16609230"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Jun Yang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9334-5646"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I198357462","display_name":"Changsha University","ror":"https://ror.org/011d8sm39","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I198357462"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jun Yang","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Computer Science and Engineering, Changsha University, Changsha, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9334-5646","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Computer Science and Engineering, Changsha University, Changsha, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I198357462"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5021101025","display_name":"Hua Deng","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0089-0870"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I198357462","display_name":"Changsha University","ror":"https://ror.org/011d8sm39","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I198357462"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hua Deng","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Computer Science and Engineering, Changsha University, Changsha, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Computer Science and Engineering, Changsha University, Changsha, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I198357462"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":17.6924,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.96889766,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":95,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"36","issue":"5","first_page":"7111","last_page":"7124"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10388","display_name":"Advanced Steganography and Watermarking Techniques","score":0.9894999861717224,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10388","display_name":"Advanced Steganography and Watermarking Techniques","score":0.9894999861717224,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12357","display_name":"Digital Media Forensic Detection","score":0.0017999999690800905,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11598","display_name":"Internet Traffic Analysis and Secure E-voting","score":0.0010999999940395355,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/information-hiding","display_name":"Information hiding","score":0.796500027179718},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reinforcement-learning","display_name":"Reinforcement learning","score":0.7659000158309937},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/embedding","display_name":"Embedding","score":0.7102000117301941},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/markov-decision-process","display_name":"Markov decision process","score":0.6636999845504761},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/process","display_name":"Process (computing)","score":0.5109000205993652},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/markov-process","display_name":"Markov process","score":0.4814999997615814},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pixel","display_name":"Pixel","score":0.47699999809265137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/temporal-difference-learning","display_name":"Temporal difference learning","score":0.4196999967098236}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3073032","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q15912075","display_name":"Information hiding","level":3,"score":0.796500027179718},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97541855","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q830687","display_name":"Reinforcement learning","level":2,"score":0.7659000158309937},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41608201","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q980509","display_name":"Embedding","level":2,"score":0.7102000117301941},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6937000155448914},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C106189395","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176789","display_name":"Markov decision process","level":3,"score":0.6636999845504761},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6110000014305115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98045186","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q205663","display_name":"Process (computing)","level":2,"score":0.5109000205993652},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159886148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176645","display_name":"Markov process","level":2,"score":0.4814999997615814},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C160633673","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q355198","display_name":"Pixel","level":2,"score":0.47699999809265137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C196340769","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7698910","display_name":"Temporal difference learning","level":3,"score":0.4196999967098236},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98763669","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176645","display_name":"Markov chain","level":2,"score":0.4041000008583069},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.3930000066757202},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108801101","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q15032","display_name":"Steganography","level":3,"score":0.3776000142097473},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.37599998712539673},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107368093","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q448176","display_name":"Steganalysis","level":4,"score":0.3467999994754791},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C137836250","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q984063","display_name":"Optimization problem","level":2,"score":0.3422999978065491},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C14036430","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3736076","display_name":"Function (biology)","level":2,"score":0.3366999924182892},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.32330000400543213},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.29809999465942383},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.2856999933719635},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C67203356","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1321905","display_name":"Reinforcement","level":2,"score":0.27320000529289246},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126255220","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141495","display_name":"Mathematical optimization","level":1,"score":0.26759999990463257},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17098449","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176814","display_name":"Partially observable Markov decision process","level":4,"score":0.26109999418258667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C91873725","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3445816","display_name":"Function approximation","level":3,"score":0.26080000400543213},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C106516650","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm design","level":2,"score":0.26010000705718994},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C51823790","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q504353","display_name":"Greedy algorithm","level":2,"score":0.25839999318122864}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tcsvt.2026.3653502","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcsvt.2026.3653502","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S115173108","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems for Video Technology","issn_l":"1051-8215","issn":["1051-8215","1558-2205"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems for Video Technology","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3288127234","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2025JJ70016","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322843","funder_display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of\u00a0Hunan Province"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7244328166","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62372067","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7765788068","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2025JJ50372","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322843","funder_display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of\u00a0Hunan Province"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322843","display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of\u00a0Hunan Province","ror":null}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Recently,":[0],"artificial":[1],"intelligence":[2],"(AI)":[3],"algorithm":[4,55],"has":[5],"been":[6],"extensively":[7],"utilized":[8],"as":[9],"an":[10,39],"optimization":[11,61],"tool":[12],"in":[13,79],"digital":[14],"watermarking.":[15],"However,":[16],"existing":[17],"works":[18],"seldom":[19],"consider":[20],"the":[21,24,29,53,60,89,101,108,113,127,134],"reversibility":[22],"of":[23,31,63,103],"embedding":[25,110],"framework,":[26],"thereby":[27],"neglecting":[28],"protection":[30],"sensitive":[32],"carriers.":[33],"In":[34,50],"this":[35],"paper,":[36],"we":[37],"propose":[38],"AI-assisted":[40],"reversible":[41],"data":[42],"hiding":[43],"(RDH)":[44],"method":[45,136],"based":[46,106],"on":[47,107],"reinforcement":[48,90],"learning.":[49],"our":[51],"method,":[52],"Q-Learning":[54],"is":[56,73,97,123],"introduced":[57],"to":[58,75,99,125,146],"address":[59],"problem":[62],"RDH,":[64],"i.e.,":[65],"adaptive":[66],"two-dimensional":[67],"(2D)":[68],"mapping":[69,105,120],"generation,":[70],"and":[71,112,141],"it":[72],"designed":[74],"simulate":[76],"pixel":[77],"modifications":[78],"2D":[80,104,139],"space,":[81],"employing":[82],"a":[83,119],"Markov":[84],"decision":[85],"process":[86],"formulation":[87],"within":[88],"learning":[91],"paradigm.":[92],"The":[93],"new":[94],"reward":[95],"function":[96],"given":[98],"evaluate":[100],"effectiveness":[102],"estimated":[109],"capacity":[111],"distortion-capacity":[114],"ratio.":[115],"To":[116],"ensure":[117],"reversibility,":[118],"adjustment":[121],"strategy":[122],"implemented":[124],"update":[126],"environmental":[128],"states.":[129],"Experimental":[130],"results":[131],"show":[132],"that":[133],"proposed":[135],"outperforms":[137],"conventional":[138],"RDH":[140,149],"demonstrates":[142],"competitive":[143],"performance":[144],"compared":[145],"other":[147],"state-of-the-art":[148],"methods.":[150]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2026-01-14T00:00:00"}