{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7114891384","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcsvt.2025.3643506","title":"Reversible Data Hiding in Encrypted Images With Dual-Phase Embedding Based on Multi-Key Threshold Decryption","display_name":"Reversible Data Hiding in Encrypted Images With Dual-Phase Embedding Based on Multi-Key Threshold Decryption","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-12-12","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7114891384","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcsvt.2025.3643506"},"language":null,"primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tcsvt.2025.3643506","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcsvt.2025.3643506","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S115173108","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems for Video Technology","issn_l":"1051-8215","issn":["1051-8215","1558-2205"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems for Video Technology","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Juanli Sun","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0003-7607-5033"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210132990","display_name":"State Key Laboratory of Cryptology","ror":"https://ror.org/02pn5rj08","country_code":"CN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210132990"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Juanli Sun","raw_affiliation_strings":["Key Laboratory of PAP for Cryptography and Information Security in Engineering University of PAP, Xi&#x2019;an, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0003-7607-5033","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Key Laboratory of PAP for Cryptography and Information Security in Engineering University of PAP, Xi&#x2019;an, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210132990"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Yan Ke","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6229-9998"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210135667","display_name":"Xian Mechanical & Electric Institute (China)","ror":"https://ror.org/04d9wma96","country_code":"CN","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210135667"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yan Ke","raw_affiliation_strings":["Research Institute of Hi-Tech, Engineering University of PAP, Xi&#x2019;an, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6229-9998","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Research Institute of Hi-Tech, Engineering University of PAP, Xi&#x2019;an, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210135667"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Minqing Zhang","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210132990","display_name":"State Key Laboratory of Cryptology","ror":"https://ror.org/02pn5rj08","country_code":"CN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210132990"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Minqing Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Key Laboratory of PAP for Cryptography and Information Security in Engineering University of PAP, Xi&#x2019;an, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Key Laboratory of PAP for Cryptography and Information Security in Engineering University of PAP, Xi&#x2019;an, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210132990"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Shijun Xiang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3481-7057"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I159948400","display_name":"Jinan University","ror":"https://ror.org/02xe5ns62","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I159948400"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shijun Xiang","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Information Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3481-7057","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Information Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I159948400"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.7655,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.78876683,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"36","issue":"5","first_page":"7080","last_page":"7094"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10388","display_name":"Advanced Steganography and Watermarking Techniques","score":0.7664999961853027,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10388","display_name":"Advanced Steganography and Watermarking Techniques","score":0.7664999961853027,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11017","display_name":"Chaos-based Image/Signal Encryption","score":0.2021999955177307,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10237","display_name":"Cryptography and Data Security","score":0.009800000116229057,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/information-hiding","display_name":"Information hiding","score":0.7498999834060669},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/encryption","display_name":"Encryption","score":0.673799991607666},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/embedding","display_name":"Embedding","score":0.6345999836921692},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","score":0.5019999742507935},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ciphertext","display_name":"Ciphertext","score":0.48669999837875366},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/key","display_name":"Key (lock)","score":0.46309998631477356},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/digital-watermarking","display_name":"Digital watermarking","score":0.45410001277923584},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/upload","display_name":"Upload","score":0.45010000467300415},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/authentication","display_name":"Authentication (law)","score":0.4415999948978424},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/block","display_name":"Block (permutation group theory)","score":0.40119999647140503}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7595999836921692},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3073032","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q15912075","display_name":"Information hiding","level":3,"score":0.7498999834060669},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C148730421","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141090","display_name":"Encryption","level":2,"score":0.673799991607666},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41608201","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q980509","display_name":"Embedding","level":2,"score":0.6345999836921692},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.5019999742507935},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C93974786","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1589480","display_name":"Ciphertext","level":3,"score":0.48669999837875366},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26517878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228039","display_name":"Key (lock)","level":2,"score":0.46309998631477356},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C150817343","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q875932","display_name":"Digital watermarking","level":3,"score":0.45410001277923584},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71901391","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7126699","display_name":"Upload","level":2,"score":0.45010000467300415},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C148417208","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4825882","display_name":"Authentication (law)","level":2,"score":0.4415999948978424},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C80444323","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2878974","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","level":1,"score":0.4034000039100647},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777210771","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4927124","display_name":"Block (permutation group theory)","level":2,"score":0.40119999647140503},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204806902","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2333581","display_name":"Semantic security","level":5,"score":0.38929998874664307},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C203062551","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q201339","display_name":"Public-key cryptography","level":3,"score":0.384799987077713},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C10511746","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q899388","display_name":"Data security","level":3,"score":0.3774000108242035},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C141492731","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1052621","display_name":"Message authentication code","level":3,"score":0.34389999508857727},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C178489894","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8789","display_name":"Cryptography","level":2,"score":0.3384000062942505},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77618280","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1155772","display_name":"Scheme (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.32089999318122864},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C164112704","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7974348","display_name":"Watermark","level":3,"score":0.31769999861717224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.3147999942302704},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C66989864","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q594646","display_name":"Paillier cryptosystem","level":5,"score":0.3037000000476837},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38369872","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7445009","display_name":"Security analysis","level":2,"score":0.30250000953674316},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.29820001125335693},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.29249998927116394},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C125411270","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18653","display_name":"Encoding (memory)","level":2,"score":0.29030001163482666},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.2888999879360199},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C4305246","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3885225","display_name":"Least significant bit","level":2,"score":0.28369998931884766},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108801101","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q15032","display_name":"Steganography","level":3,"score":0.28200000524520874},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776401178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12050496","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.2816999852657318},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781198186","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q701521","display_name":"Collusion","level":2,"score":0.2799000144004822},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C123744220","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5668690","display_name":"Threshold cryptosystem","level":5,"score":0.27079999446868896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C93996380","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q44127","display_name":"Server","level":2,"score":0.2678999900817871},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.2678999900817871},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C92717368","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1162538","display_name":"Plaintext","level":3,"score":0.25679999589920044},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9417928","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1070689","display_name":"Image processing","level":3,"score":0.25619998574256897}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tcsvt.2025.3643506","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcsvt.2025.3643506","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S115173108","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems for Video Technology","issn_l":"1051-8215","issn":["1051-8215","1558-2205"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems for Video Technology","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2229595915","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2023T160791","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5185701690","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2022M713880","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5396618613","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2025JC-YBQN-854","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320324173","funder_display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of Shaanxi Province"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5998797089","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62102450","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8477021850","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62272478","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8905046719","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2025JC-YBQN-854","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320324173","display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of Shaanxi Province","ror":null}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Existing":[0],"reversible":[1],"data":[2,95,105,132,164],"hiding":[3],"methods":[4],"in":[5,42,250],"encrypted":[6,89],"images":[7],"(RDH-EI)":[8],"are":[9,76],"primarily":[10],"designed":[11,49],"for":[12,18,53],"point-to-point":[13,276],"scenarios":[14],"and":[15,58,90,168,211,234],"not":[16],"suitable":[17],"multiparty":[19],"communication.":[20],"To":[21],"address":[22],"this":[23],"issue,":[24],"a":[25,44],"novel":[26],"RDH-EI":[27],"scheme":[28],"based":[29],"on":[30],"multi-key":[31],"(<italic":[32,194],"xmlns:mml=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\"":[33,36,72,81,122,142,147,195,198,205,215,217,248,252,263,265,267,269,271],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">k</i>,":[34,196],"<italic":[35,71,80,121,141,146,197,204,214,247,262],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">n</i>)-threshold":[37,199],"decryption":[38],"(RDH-EITD)":[39],"is":[40,48,68,87,102,117,178],"proposed,":[41],"which":[43,75,101],"dual-phase":[45,221],"embedding":[46,222,224],"method":[47],"to":[50,79,96,104,120,180],"support":[51],"authentication":[52],"both":[54],"the":[55,63,98,111,129,136,156,161,169,183,256],"content":[56],"owner":[57],"central":[59],"server.":[60,106],"In":[61],"RDH-EITD,":[62],"private":[64],"key":[65],"of":[66,145,186,213,226,245,259],"Paillier":[67],"split":[69],"into":[70],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">n</i>":[73,82,123,148,253],"shares,":[74],"then":[77,91,118],"allocated":[78],"distributed":[83,119],"receivers.":[84,124],"The":[85,107,114,220],"image":[86,137,157,171,244],"first":[88],"embedded":[92,131,163],"with":[93,238],"additional":[94],"generate":[97],"marked":[99],"ciphertext,":[100],"uploaded":[103],"server":[108],"can":[109,127,155,165,172],"perform":[110],"2nd-phase":[112,130],"embedding.":[113],"dual-marked":[115],"ciphertext":[116],"Each":[125],"receiver":[126],"extract":[128],"but":[133],"cannot":[134],"decrypt":[135],"individually.":[138],"Only":[139],"when":[140],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">k</i>":[143,206,218],"out":[144],"receivers":[149],"submit":[150],"their":[151],"partially":[152],"decrypted":[153],"results,":[154],"be":[158,166,173],"decrypted.":[159],"Then":[160],"1st-phase":[162],"extracted":[167],"original":[170],"recovered":[174],"losslessly.":[175],"Security":[176],"reduction":[177],"employed":[179],"formally":[181],"prove":[182],"semantic":[184],"security":[185,239],"RDH-EITD.":[187],"Experimental":[188],"results":[189],"demonstrate":[190],"that":[191],"RDH-EITD":[192,260],"preserves":[193],"decryption,":[200],"enabling":[201],"resistance":[202],"against":[203],"\u2212":[207,228],"1":[208],"collusion":[209],"attacks":[210],"tolerance":[212],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">n</i>\u2212<italic":[216],"failures.":[219],"achieves":[223],"rates":[225],"\u03bb":[227],"9":[229],"bpp":[230,236],"(bits":[231],"per":[232],"pixel)":[233],"14":[235],"respectively":[237],"parameter":[240],"\u03bb.":[241],"For":[242],"an":[243],"length":[246],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">L</i>":[249],"one-to-<italic":[251],"communication":[254],"scenarios,":[255],"time":[257],"complexity":[258],"reaches":[261],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">O</i>(<italic":[264],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">L</i>(\u03bb<sup":[266],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">3</sup>+<italic":[268],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">k</i><sup":[270],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">2</sup>)),":[272],"outperforming":[273],"existing":[274],"Paillier-based":[275],"solutions.":[277]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-05-07T06:04:25.777469","created_date":"2025-12-12T00:00:00"}