{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4416707050","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcsvt.2025.3637537","title":"CL-DRW: Curriculum Learning-Based Deep Robust Watermarking for Social Networks","display_name":"CL-DRW: Curriculum Learning-Based Deep Robust Watermarking for Social Networks","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-11-26","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4416707050","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcsvt.2025.3637537"},"language":null,"primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tcsvt.2025.3637537","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcsvt.2025.3637537","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S115173108","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems for Video Technology","issn_l":"1051-8215","issn":["1051-8215","1558-2205"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems for Video Technology","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5019626609","display_name":"Yingshuai Zhao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0008-0884-8758"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I204983213","display_name":"Harbin Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01yqg2h08","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I204983213"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yingshuai Zhao","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Cyberspace Science, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0008-0884-8758","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Cyberspace Science, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204983213"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5091556887","display_name":"Guopu Zhu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7956-5343"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I204983213","display_name":"Harbin Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01yqg2h08","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I204983213"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Guopu Zhu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Cyberspace Science, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7956-5343","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Cyberspace Science, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204983213"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5037979193","display_name":"Jiantao Zhou","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6015-2618"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I204512498","display_name":"University of Macau","ror":"https://ror.org/01r4q9n85","country_code":"MO","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I204512498"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I6469544","display_name":"City University of Macau","ror":"https://ror.org/04gpd4q15","country_code":"MO","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I6469544"]}],"countries":["MO"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jiantao Zhou","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer and Information Science, State Key Laboratory of Internet of Things for Smart City, University of Macau, Macau, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6015-2618","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer and Information Science, State Key Laboratory of Internet of Things for Smart City, University of Macau, Macau, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204512498","https://openalex.org/I6469544"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100371548","display_name":"Xiaolong Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6111-9000"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I21193070","display_name":"Beijing Jiaotong University","ror":"https://ror.org/01yj56c84","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I21193070"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xiaolong Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["Beijing Key Laboratory of Advanced Information Science and Network Technology, Institute of Information Science, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing, China","Institute of Information Science, Beijing Key Laboratory of Advanced Information Science and Network Technology, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6111-9000","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Beijing Key Laboratory of Advanced Information Science and Network Technology, Institute of Information Science, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I21193070"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Information Science, Beijing Key Laboratory of Advanced Information Science and Network Technology, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I21193070"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100417312","display_name":"Hongli Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8167-7106"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I204983213","display_name":"Harbin Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01yqg2h08","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I204983213"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hongli Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Cyberspace Science, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8167-7106","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Cyberspace Science, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204983213"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101889358","display_name":"Xinpeng Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0212-3501"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I24943067","display_name":"Fudan University","ror":"https://ror.org/013q1eq08","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I24943067"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xinpeng Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0212-3501","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I24943067"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.13253927,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"36","issue":"4","first_page":"4786","last_page":"4799"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11598","display_name":"Internet Traffic Analysis and Secure E-voting","score":0.6312000155448914,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11598","display_name":"Internet Traffic Analysis and Secure E-voting","score":0.6312000155448914,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10388","display_name":"Advanced Steganography and Watermarking Techniques","score":0.265500009059906,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11689","display_name":"Adversarial Robustness in Machine Learning","score":0.014999999664723873,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/digital-watermarking","display_name":"Digital watermarking","score":0.8931000232696533},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/robustness","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","score":0.8158000111579895},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deep-learning","display_name":"Deep learning","score":0.573199987411499},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-neural-network","display_name":"Artificial neural network","score":0.46790000796318054},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/watermark","display_name":"Watermark","score":0.45489999651908875},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-noise","display_name":"Artificial noise","score":0.4431999921798706},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/noise","display_name":"Noise (video)","score":0.39879998564720154},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/the-internet","display_name":"The Internet","score":0.3628999888896942},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/steganography","display_name":"Steganography","score":0.3467000126838684}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C150817343","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q875932","display_name":"Digital watermarking","level":3,"score":0.8931000232696533},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C63479239","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7353546","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","level":3,"score":0.8158000111579895},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7538999915122986},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6126999855041504},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108583219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep learning","level":2,"score":0.573199987411499},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.46790000796318054},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C164112704","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7974348","display_name":"Watermark","level":3,"score":0.45489999651908875},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780909371","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4801092","display_name":"Artificial noise","level":4,"score":0.4431999921798706},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.39989998936653137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99498987","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2210247","display_name":"Noise (video)","level":3,"score":0.39879998564720154},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C110875604","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q75","display_name":"The Internet","level":2,"score":0.3628999888896942},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.35749998688697815},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108801101","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q15032","display_name":"Steganography","level":3,"score":0.3467000126838684},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C4727928","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17164759","display_name":"Social network (sociolinguistics)","level":3,"score":0.33399999141693115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C80444323","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2878974","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","level":1,"score":0.3328000009059906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3073032","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q15912075","display_name":"Information hiding","level":3,"score":0.3206000030040741},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C761482","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q118093","display_name":"Transmission (telecommunications)","level":2,"score":0.3181000053882599},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C43126263","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q128751","display_name":"Source code","level":2,"score":0.3151000142097473},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.3125},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779814227","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7444882","display_name":"Secure transmission","level":3,"score":0.30390000343322754},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41608201","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q980509","display_name":"Embedding","level":2,"score":0.30059999227523804},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.2969000041484833},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C113775141","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q428691","display_name":"Computer engineering","level":1,"score":0.2906000018119812},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C178489894","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8789","display_name":"Cryptography","level":2,"score":0.28130000829696655},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C193470923","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5276026","display_name":"Digital Watermarking Alliance","level":4,"score":0.2809000015258789},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C179518139","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5140297","display_name":"Coding (social sciences)","level":2,"score":0.2754000127315521},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.2624000012874603},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C155032097","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q798503","display_name":"Backpropagation","level":3,"score":0.2563999891281128},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71745522","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2476929","display_name":"Confidentiality","level":2,"score":0.2524000108242035}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tcsvt.2025.3637537","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcsvt.2025.3637537","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S115173108","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems for Video Technology","issn_l":"1051-8215","issn":["1051-8215","1558-2205"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems for Video Technology","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1961232708","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"U22B2047","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2060695898","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62172402","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2434235226","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62261160653","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2649388862","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"0022/2022/A1","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320315893","funder_display_name":"VNU Science and Technology Development Fund"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2829726127","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62450067","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4651853227","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2024A1515012536","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337111","funder_display_name":"Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation of Guangdong Province"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5098366689","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"0119/2024/RIB2","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320315893","funder_display_name":"VNU Science and Technology Development Fund"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5681518","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62472128","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6044444080","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"001/2024/SKL","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320315893","funder_display_name":"VNU Science and Technology Development Fund"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320315893","display_name":"VNU Science and Technology Development Fund","ror":"https://ror.org/044vr6g03"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337111","display_name":"Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation of Guangdong Province","ror":null}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0],"development":[1],"of":[2,10,174],"the":[3,8,34,116,154],"internet":[4],"has":[5],"greatly":[6],"facilitated":[7],"transmission":[9,180],"images":[11],"over":[12],"social":[13,53,178],"networks,":[14],"while":[15],"also":[16],"triggering":[17],"serious":[18],"copyright":[19,31],"issues.":[20],"Deep":[21,64],"robust":[22,47],"watermarking":[23,48,83,170],"serves":[24],"as":[25],"a":[26,61,82,93,144],"crucial":[27],"technique":[28],"for":[29],"image":[30,35],"protection.":[32],"However,":[33],"distortions":[36,156],"caused":[37,157],"by":[38,158],"Social":[39],"Network":[40],"Transmission":[41],"Operations":[42],"(SNTOs)":[43],"make":[44],"existing":[45],"deep":[46,146,169],"methods":[49,171],"fragile":[50],"in":[51,172],"real-world":[52,177],"network":[54,90,147,179],"scenarios.":[55],"To":[56],"address":[57],"this,":[58],"we":[59,80,133],"propose":[60],"Curriculum":[62],"Learning-based":[63],"Robust":[65],"Watermarking":[66],"method,":[67],"called":[68],"CL-DRW,":[69],"to":[70,77,101,120,126,152],"generate":[71],"watermarks":[72],"that":[73,163],"can":[74],"be":[75],"resilient":[76],"SNTOs.":[78,159],"Specifically,":[79],"develop":[81],"model":[84,125],"constructed":[85],"with":[86],"an":[87,135],"invertible":[88],"neural":[89],"and":[91,148],"present":[92],"multi-stage":[94],"training":[95],"framework":[96],"based":[97,110],"on":[98,111,115],"curriculum":[99],"learning":[100],"train":[102],"it":[103],"effectively.":[104],"We":[105],"incrementally":[106],"introduce":[107],"noise":[108,138],"attacks":[109],"their":[112],"disruptive":[113],"impact":[114],"watermark,":[117],"from":[118],"weak":[119],"strong,":[121],"thereby":[122],"enabling":[123],"our":[124,164],"build":[127],"robustness":[128,175],"against":[129,176],"SNTOs":[130,136],"gradually.":[131],"Additionally,":[132],"design":[134],"simulation":[137],"layer,":[139],"which":[140],"is":[141,184],"built":[142],"upon":[143],"transformer-based":[145],"incorporates":[149],"differentiable":[150],"JPEG,":[151],"simulate":[153],"black-box":[155],"Extensive":[160],"experiments":[161],"indicate":[162],"proposed":[165],"CL-DRW":[166],"outperforms":[167],"state-of-the-art":[168],"terms":[173],"operations.":[181],"Source":[182],"code":[183],"available":[185],"at":[186],"https://github.com/yingshuai-zhao/CL-DRW.":[187]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-07-22T07:51:19.307946","created_date":"2025-11-27T00:00:00"}