{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4413785585","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcsvt.2025.3603195","title":"FPGP: Increasing Robustness of Flow-Based Watermarking to Unknown Noise Through Feature Preservation and Gradient Perturbation","display_name":"FPGP: Increasing Robustness of Flow-Based Watermarking to Unknown Noise Through Feature Preservation and Gradient Perturbation","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-08-28","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4413785585","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcsvt.2025.3603195"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tcsvt.2025.3603195","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcsvt.2025.3603195","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S115173108","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems for Video Technology","issn_l":"1051-8215","issn":["1051-8215","1558-2205"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems for Video Technology","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100739262","display_name":"Xiaorui Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7571-2593"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I134687103","display_name":"Nanjing Tech University","ror":"https://ror.org/03sd35x91","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I134687103"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xiaorui Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Computer and Information Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, China","College of Computer and information Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7571-2593","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Computer and Information Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I134687103"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Computer and information Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I134687103"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5014743973","display_name":"Rui Jiang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7398-3851"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I200845125","display_name":"Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/02y0rxk19","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I200845125"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Rui Jiang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I200845125"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5085494360","display_name":"Wei Sun","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4870-2971"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I200845125","display_name":"Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/02y0rxk19","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I200845125"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wei Sun","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Automation, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4870-2971","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Automation, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I200845125"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5044207716","display_name":"Sunil Kumar Jha","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6955-1244"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210102401","display_name":"Adani Institute of Infrastructure Engineering","ror":"https://ror.org/01crytg85","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210102401"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4405258911","display_name":"Adani University","ror":"https://ror.org/01d1tq488","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4405258911"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I52527943","display_name":"Ahmedabad University","ror":"https://ror.org/02swff503","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I52527943"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sunil Kr. Jha","raw_affiliation_strings":["Adani University, Ahmedabad, India","Associate Dean of Research and Associate Professor at Adani University, Ahmedabad, India"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6955-1244","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Adani University, Ahmedabad, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210102401","https://openalex.org/I4405258911"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Associate Dean of Research and Associate Professor at Adani University, Ahmedabad, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4405258911","https://openalex.org/I52527943"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.17602054,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"36","issue":"2","first_page":"1696","last_page":"1715"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10388","display_name":"Advanced Steganography and Watermarking Techniques","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10388","display_name":"Advanced Steganography and Watermarking Techniques","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12357","display_name":"Digital Media Forensic Detection","score":0.9977999925613403,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10741","display_name":"Video Coding and Compression Technologies","score":0.9879000186920166,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/robustness","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","score":0.8042610883712769},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/digital-watermarking","display_name":"Digital watermarking","score":0.7945953011512756},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.572433352470398},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/perturbation","display_name":"Perturbation (astronomy)","score":0.5575286746025085},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.4301239848136902},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.3716496229171753},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.3679012656211853},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.34800440073013306},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.3240143656730652},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","score":0.1214551329612732},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.12002307176589966}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C63479239","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7353546","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","level":3,"score":0.8042610883712769},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C150817343","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q875932","display_name":"Digital watermarking","level":3,"score":0.7945953011512756},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.572433352470398},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177918212","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q803623","display_name":"Perturbation (astronomy)","level":2,"score":0.5575286746025085},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.4301239848136902},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.3716496229171753},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.3679012656211853},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.34800440073013306},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.3240143656730652},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.1214551329612732},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.12002307176589966},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104317684","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7187","display_name":"Gene","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55493867","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7094","display_name":"Biochemistry","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tcsvt.2025.3603195","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcsvt.2025.3603195","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S115173108","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems for Video Technology","issn_l":"1051-8215","issn":["1051-8215","1558-2205"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems for Video Technology","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Climate action","score":0.6499999761581421,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/13"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2552781305","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"BK20201136","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322769","funder_display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2837742602","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62376128","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5750174859","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"BK20191401","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322769","funder_display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7747198929","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62272236","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322769","display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":54,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1861492603","https://openalex.org/W2032878472","https://openalex.org/W2086277433","https://openalex.org/W2141143336","https://openalex.org/W2741137940","https://openalex.org/W2883233582","https://openalex.org/W2928947536","https://openalex.org/W2952651666","https://openalex.org/W2962858109","https://openalex.org/W2970373593","https://openalex.org/W2982163850","https://openalex.org/W2997526307","https://openalex.org/W2997594966","https://openalex.org/W3010457411","https://openalex.org/W3034856584","https://openalex.org/W3035671550","https://openalex.org/W3107032263","https://openalex.org/W3113009928","https://openalex.org/W3193750732","https://openalex.org/W3214128139","https://openalex.org/W4214543711","https://openalex.org/W4304091667","https://openalex.org/W4304092681","https://openalex.org/W4312777001","https://openalex.org/W4312786328","https://openalex.org/W4312906123","https://openalex.org/W4317906493","https://openalex.org/W4319300772","https://openalex.org/W4362015145","https://openalex.org/W4362640899","https://openalex.org/W4382239882","https://openalex.org/W4382318756","https://openalex.org/W4384519053","https://openalex.org/W4385245566","https://openalex.org/W4391853581","https://openalex.org/W4392806484","https://openalex.org/W4392877520","https://openalex.org/W4396505961","https://openalex.org/W4399366390","https://openalex.org/W4399485237","https://openalex.org/W4400573376","https://openalex.org/W4400727498","https://openalex.org/W4400767105","https://openalex.org/W4401114041","https://openalex.org/W4401567718","https://openalex.org/W4401749505","https://openalex.org/W4401806115","https://openalex.org/W4402169085","https://openalex.org/W4402218248","https://openalex.org/W4402716415","https://openalex.org/W4402782025","https://openalex.org/W4402952236","https://openalex.org/W4402982139","https://openalex.org/W4405043664"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2361629745","https://openalex.org/W2107922825","https://openalex.org/W3094285444","https://openalex.org/W2122982227","https://openalex.org/W2163290991","https://openalex.org/W2361184779","https://openalex.org/W3174961728","https://openalex.org/W2474386553","https://openalex.org/W2125329004","https://openalex.org/W2141752560"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Robust":[0],"blind":[1,33],"watermarking":[2,9,34,82,124,158,166,182],"enables":[3],"the":[4,14,42,49,52,113,116,121,163,173],"accurate":[5],"recovery":[6],"of":[7,51,115,123,151,165,175],"embedded":[8],"without":[10],"requiring":[11],"access":[12],"to":[13,61,87,119,144,147,157,197],"original":[15],"images":[16,146],"or":[17],"message,":[18],"and":[19,26,57,93,185],"is":[20,203],"widely":[21],"applied":[22],"in":[23,68,181,190],"copyright":[24],"protection":[25],"traceability":[27],"tracking.":[28],"However,":[29],"existing":[30],"flow-based":[31,81],"robust":[32],"methods":[35],"typically":[36],"rely":[37],"on":[38,137],"auxiliary":[39,105],"variables":[40,106],"during":[41,55],"extraction":[43,159,183],"process":[44],"that":[45,84,103,155],"are":[46,58],"inconsistent":[47],"with":[48,112],"property":[50,114],"information":[53,118],"lost":[54,117],"embedding,":[56],"often":[59],"tailored":[60],"a":[62,80,99,149,186],"single":[63],"known":[64],"noise":[65,89,132,153],"type,":[66],"resulting":[67],"limited":[69],"robustness":[70,86,122,164],"against":[71,167],"unknown":[72,88,131,168],"noise.":[73],"To":[74],"address":[75],"these":[76],"limitations,":[77],"we":[78,97,128],"propose":[79,98],"method":[83,135],"enhances":[85],"through":[90],"feature":[91,100],"preservation":[92,101],"gradient":[94,138],"perturbation.":[95],"Specifically,":[96],"network":[102],"learns":[104],"from":[107],"noisy":[108],"images,":[109],"aligning":[110],"them":[111],"improve":[120],"extraction.":[125],"In":[126],"addition,":[127],"design":[129],"an":[130,179],"image":[133],"generation":[134],"based":[136],"perturbation,":[139],"which":[140],"iteratively":[141],"adds":[142],"perturbations":[143],"encoded":[145],"simulate":[148],"variety":[150],"potential":[152],"patterns":[154],"lead":[156],"errors,":[160],"thereby":[161],"improving":[162],"noises.":[169],"Experimental":[170],"results":[171],"validate":[172],"effectiveness":[174],"our":[176],"method,":[177],"demonstrating":[178],"improvement":[180],"accuracy":[184],"10":[187],"dB":[188,196],"increase":[189],"peak":[191],"signal-to-noise":[192],"ratio":[193],"(from":[194],"33.5":[195],"43.8":[198],"dB).":[199],"The":[200],"source":[201],"code":[202],"publicly":[204],"available":[205],"at":[206],"https://github.com/reliarui/FPGP.":[207]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-07-22T07:51:19.307946","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
