{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4413472356","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcsvt.2025.3601659","title":"DFFormer: Capturing Dynamic Frequency Features to Locate Image Manipulation Through Adaptive Frequency Transformer and Prototype Learning","display_name":"DFFormer: Capturing Dynamic Frequency Features to Locate Image Manipulation Through Adaptive Frequency Transformer and Prototype Learning","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-08-23","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4413472356","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcsvt.2025.3601659"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tcsvt.2025.3601659","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcsvt.2025.3601659","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S115173108","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems for Video Technology","issn_l":"1051-8215","issn":["1051-8215","1558-2205"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems for Video Technology","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5056144372","display_name":"Yan Xiang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0007-0607-0762"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I111950717","display_name":"Macau University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/03jqs2n27","country_code":"MO","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I111950717","https://openalex.org/I4391767947"]}],"countries":["MO"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Yan Xiang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science and Engineering, Faculty of Innovation Engineering, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, SAR, China","Faculty of Innovation Engineering, School of Computer Science and Engineering, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, SAR, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0007-0607-0762","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science and Engineering, Faculty of Innovation Engineering, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, SAR, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I111950717"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Innovation Engineering, School of Computer Science and Engineering, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, SAR, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I111950717"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5060463557","display_name":"Kaiqi Zhao","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210102264","display_name":"Shandong University of Political Science and Law","ror":"https://ror.org/01b2j5886","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210102264"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kaiqi Zhao","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Cyber Security, Shandong University of Political Science and Law, Jinan, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0009-3436-2249","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Cyber Security, Shandong University of Political Science and Law, Jinan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210102264"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5077530748","display_name":"Zhenghong Yu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9887-845X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I32820368","display_name":"Guangdong Polytechnic of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01wq2p249","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I32820368"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhenghong Yu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Guangdong Polytechnic of Science and Technology, Zhuhai, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9887-845X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Guangdong Polytechnic of Science and Technology, Zhuhai, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I32820368"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5051381076","display_name":"Xiaochen Yuan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7490-6695"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I49835588","display_name":"Macao Polytechnic University","ror":"https://ror.org/02sf5td35","country_code":"MO","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I49835588"]}],"countries":["MO"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xiaochen Yuan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Applied Sciences, Macao Polytechnic University, Macau, SAR, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7490-6695","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Applied Sciences, Macao Polytechnic University, Macau, SAR, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I49835588"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5006709942","display_name":"Guoheng Huang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3640-3229"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I139024713","display_name":"Guangdong University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/04azbjn80","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I139024713"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Guoheng Huang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science and Technology, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3640-3229","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science and Technology, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I139024713"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101902782","display_name":"Jinyu Tian","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2449-5277"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I111950717","display_name":"Macau University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/03jqs2n27","country_code":"MO","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I111950717","https://openalex.org/I4391767947"]}],"countries":["MO"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jinyu Tian","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science and Engineering, Faculty of Innovation Engineering, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, SAR, China","Faculty of Innovation Engineering, School of Computer Science and Engineering, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, SAR, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2449-5277","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science and Engineering, Faculty of Innovation Engineering, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, SAR, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I111950717"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Innovation Engineering, School of Computer Science and Engineering, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, SAR, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I111950717"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100641152","display_name":"Jianqing Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6768-1483"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I111950717","display_name":"Macau University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/03jqs2n27","country_code":"MO","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I111950717","https://openalex.org/I4391767947"]}],"countries":["MO"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jianqing Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science and Engineering, Faculty of Innovation Engineering, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, SAR, China","Faculty of Innovation Engineering, School of Computer Science and Engineering, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, SAR, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6768-1483","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science and Engineering, Faculty of Innovation Engineering, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, SAR, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I111950717"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Innovation Engineering, School of Computer Science and Engineering, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, SAR, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I111950717"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":7,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5056144372"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I111950717"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.0273,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.82091904,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":91,"max":95},"biblio":{"volume":"36","issue":"2","first_page":"1907","last_page":"1919"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13114","display_name":"Image Processing Techniques and Applications","score":0.9980000257492065,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2214","display_name":"Media Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13114","display_name":"Image Processing Techniques and Applications","score":0.9980000257492065,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2214","display_name":"Media Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10638","display_name":"Optical measurement and interference techniques","score":0.9710000157356262,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12357","display_name":"Digital Media Forensic Detection","score":0.953000009059906,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6872472167015076},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.6024659276008606},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.5730884075164795},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/frequency-domain","display_name":"Frequency domain","score":0.47627753019332886},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transformer","display_name":"Transformer","score":0.46242088079452515},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.33362066745758057},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.13458538055419922},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/voltage","display_name":"Voltage","score":0.11660200357437134},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electrical-engineering","display_name":"Electrical engineering","score":0.09461826086044312}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6872472167015076},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6024659276008606},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.5730884075164795},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19118579","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q786423","display_name":"Frequency domain","level":2,"score":0.47627753019332886},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C66322947","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11658","display_name":"Transformer","level":3,"score":0.46242088079452515},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.33362066745758057},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.13458538055419922},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165801399","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25428","display_name":"Voltage","level":2,"score":0.11660200357437134},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.09461826086044312}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tcsvt.2025.3601659","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcsvt.2025.3601659","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S115173108","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems for Video Technology","issn_l":"1051-8215","issn":["1051-8215","1558-2205"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems for Video Technology","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4015296213","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2022ZDZX4075","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335955","funder_display_name":"Key Scientific Research Project of Colleges and Universities in Henan Province"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5640106792","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"0045/2022/A","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320323893","funder_display_name":"Fundo para o Desenvolvimento das Ci\u00eancias e da Tecnologia"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7838986591","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"0045/2022/A","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321655","funder_display_name":"Science and Technology Development Fund"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321655","display_name":"Science and Technology Development Fund","ror":"https://ror.org/044vr6g03"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320323893","display_name":"Fundo para o Desenvolvimento das Ci\u00eancias e da Tecnologia","ror":"https://ror.org/05vna4324"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335955","display_name":"Key Scientific Research Project of Colleges and Universities in Henan Province","ror":null}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":40,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1903029394","https://openalex.org/W2031614119","https://openalex.org/W2037414882","https://openalex.org/W2169439181","https://openalex.org/W2194775991","https://openalex.org/W2255466643","https://openalex.org/W2268194897","https://openalex.org/W2518397542","https://openalex.org/W2798117183","https://openalex.org/W2948407537","https://openalex.org/W2964146055","https://openalex.org/W2998236504","https://openalex.org/W3027377338","https://openalex.org/W3034530968","https://openalex.org/W3082623289","https://openalex.org/W3096831136","https://openalex.org/W3136675246","https://openalex.org/W3140970613","https://openalex.org/W3159937784","https://openalex.org/W3175515048","https://openalex.org/W3176065502","https://openalex.org/W3197106219","https://openalex.org/W3207919963","https://openalex.org/W3215142194","https://openalex.org/W4225554547","https://openalex.org/W4289752563","https://openalex.org/W4294770674","https://openalex.org/W4313023122","https://openalex.org/W4313023779","https://openalex.org/W4319301562","https://openalex.org/W4367043567","https://openalex.org/W4385245566","https://openalex.org/W4386075803","https://openalex.org/W4387521304","https://openalex.org/W4394897015","https://openalex.org/W4400905911","https://openalex.org/W4402917222","https://openalex.org/W4404840353","https://openalex.org/W4405138540","https://openalex.org/W4407376597"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2772917594","https://openalex.org/W2036807459","https://openalex.org/W2058170566","https://openalex.org/W2755342338","https://openalex.org/W2166024367","https://openalex.org/W3116076068","https://openalex.org/W2229312674","https://openalex.org/W2951359407","https://openalex.org/W2079911747","https://openalex.org/W1969923398"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,178,216],"proliferation":[1],"of":[2],"modern":[3],"image":[4,11],"editing":[5],"tools":[6],"has":[7,32],"raised":[8],"concerns":[9],"about":[10],"manipulation,":[12],"particularly":[13],"regarding":[14],"the":[15,19,56,61,65,69,76,105,120,125,131,147],"potential":[16],"to":[17,173,185],"mislead":[18],"public":[20],"and":[21,24,28,48,71,94,110,130,141,169,193,207,214],"compromise":[22],"privacy":[23],"security.":[25],"Consequently,":[26],"detecting":[27],"localizing":[29],"tampered":[30,70],"regions":[31,73],"become":[33],"a":[34,95,113,181],"critical":[35],"research":[36],"challenge.":[37],"Traditional":[38],"methods":[39],"struggle":[40],"with":[41,116],"subtle":[42],"manipulations,":[43],"such":[44],"as":[45],"splicing,":[46],"copy-move,":[47],"removal,":[49],"which":[50],"are":[51],"often":[52],"more":[53],"discernible":[54],"in":[55,60,112],"frequency":[57,91],"domain":[58],"than":[59],"spatial":[62],"domain.":[63],"Additionally,":[64],"size":[66],"imbalance":[67],"between":[68],"background":[72],"further":[74],"complicates":[75],"detection":[77],"process.":[78],"To":[79],"address":[80],"these":[81],"challenges,":[82],"we":[83],"propose":[84],"DFFormer,":[85],"an":[86],"end-to-end":[87],"network":[88],"that":[89,198],"leverages":[90],"feature":[92,156],"differences":[93],"dynamic":[96,175],"token":[97,171,176],"strategy":[98,184],"for":[99],"precise":[100],"manipulation":[101],"localization.":[102],"DFFormer":[103,199],"combines":[104],"Conventional":[106],"Neural":[107],"Network":[108],"(CNN)":[109],"Transformer":[111,123],"hybrid":[114],"architecture":[115],"three":[117],"key":[118],"modules:":[119],"Adaptive":[121,149],"Frequency":[122,150],"(AFT),":[124],"Prototype":[126],"Learning":[127],"Module":[128],"(PLM),":[129],"Cascaded":[132],"Progressive":[133],"Token":[134],"Fusion":[135],"Head":[136],"(CPTF-Head).":[137],"AFT":[138],"integrates":[139],"high-":[140],"low-frequency":[142],"components":[143],"into":[144],"self-attention":[145],"via":[146],"Parallel":[148],"Attention":[151],"(PAFA)":[152],"block,":[153],"enhancing":[154],"tampering":[155],"representation":[157],"while":[158],"preserving":[159],"fine":[160],"details.":[161],"PLM":[162],"employs":[163],"KNN-based":[164],"density":[165],"peak":[166],"clustering":[167],"(DPC-KNN)":[168],"weighted":[170],"aggregation":[172],"optimize":[174],"reduction.":[177],"CPTF-Head":[179],"adopts":[180],"hierarchical":[182],"coarse-to-fine":[183],"integrate":[186],"multiscale":[187],"features,":[188],"thereby":[189],"improving":[190],"localization":[191],"accuracy":[192],"edge":[194],"refinement.":[195],"Experiments":[196],"demonstrate":[197],"outperforms":[200],"state-of-the-art":[201],"models":[202],"across":[203],"four":[204],"benchmark":[205],"datasets":[206],"one":[208],"real-world":[209],"dataset,":[210],"exhibiting":[211],"superior":[212],"generalization":[213],"robustness.":[215],"source":[217],"code":[218],"is":[219],"publicly":[220],"available":[221],"at":[222],"https://github.com/XiangGD/DFFormer.git.":[223]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-03-27T05:58:40.876381","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
