{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4407736218","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcsvt.2025.3543526","title":"Multi-Level Feature Fusion Network for Shadow Removal Detection","display_name":"Multi-Level Feature Fusion Network for Shadow Removal Detection","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-02-19","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4407736218","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcsvt.2025.3543526"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tcsvt.2025.3543526","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcsvt.2025.3543526","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S115173108","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems for Video Technology","issn_l":"1051-8215","issn":["1051-8215","1558-2205"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems for Video Technology","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Xiwen Fu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0006-5178-3019"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I204983213","display_name":"Harbin Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01yqg2h08","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I204983213"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xiwen Fu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Cyberspace Science, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0006-5178-3019","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Cyberspace Science, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204983213"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5091556887","display_name":"Guopu Zhu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7956-5343"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I204983213","display_name":"Harbin Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01yqg2h08","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I204983213"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Guopu Zhu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Cyberspace Science, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7956-5343","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Cyberspace Science, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204983213"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100417312","display_name":"Hongli Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8167-7106"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I204983213","display_name":"Harbin Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01yqg2h08","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I204983213"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hongli Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Cyberspace Science, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8167-7106","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Cyberspace Science, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204983213"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101889358","display_name":"Xinpeng Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0212-3501"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I24943067","display_name":"Fudan University","ror":"https://ror.org/013q1eq08","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I24943067"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xinpeng Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0212-3501","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I24943067"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5053949309","display_name":"Anthony T. S. Ho","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9208-1255"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I28290843","display_name":"University of Surrey","ror":"https://ror.org/00ks66431","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I28290843"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Anthony T. S. Ho","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Engineering and Physical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, U.K","Faculty of Engineering and Physical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford Surrey, UK"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Engineering and Physical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, U.K","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I28290843"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Engineering and Physical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford Surrey, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I28290843"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5008386708","display_name":"Sam Kwong","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7484-7261"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sam Kwong","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Data Science, Lingnan University, Hong Kong, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7484-7261","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Data Science, Lingnan University, Hong Kong, China","institution_ids":[]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.4971,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.58604286,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"35","issue":"7","first_page":"6508","last_page":"6521"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11164","display_name":"Remote Sensing and LiDAR Applications","score":0.9648000001907349,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2305","display_name":"Environmental Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11164","display_name":"Remote Sensing and LiDAR Applications","score":0.9648000001907349,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2305","display_name":"Environmental Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6654012203216553},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.6608421802520752},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.5858475565910339},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/shadow","display_name":"Shadow (psychology)","score":0.4867129623889923},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image-fusion","display_name":"Image fusion","score":0.48580336570739746},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature-extraction","display_name":"Feature extraction","score":0.4820464551448822},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","score":0.4807407855987549},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.47865545749664307},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fusion","display_name":"Fusion","score":0.42364639043807983},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","score":0.23655670881271362}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6654012203216553},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6608421802520752},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.5858475565910339},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C117797892","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q286363","display_name":"Shadow (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.4867129623889923},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C69744172","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860822","display_name":"Image fusion","level":3,"score":0.48580336570739746},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C52622490","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1026626","display_name":"Feature extraction","level":2,"score":0.4820464551448822},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776401178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12050496","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.4807407855987549},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.47865545749664307},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158525013","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2593739","display_name":"Fusion","level":2,"score":0.42364639043807983},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.23655670881271362},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C542102704","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q183257","display_name":"Psychotherapist","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tcsvt.2025.3543526","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcsvt.2025.3543526","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S115173108","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems for Video Technology","issn_l":"1051-8215","issn":["1051-8215","1558-2205"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems for Video Technology","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1961232708","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"U22B2047","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2060695898","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62172402","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2821924982","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"FRFCU5710011322","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2829726127","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62450067","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5681518","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62472128","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":51,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1432573875","https://openalex.org/W1967913888","https://openalex.org/W1998270967","https://openalex.org/W2149550213","https://openalex.org/W2519623608","https://openalex.org/W2740832349","https://openalex.org/W2771617895","https://openalex.org/W2923942255","https://openalex.org/W2935853304","https://openalex.org/W2963014378","https://openalex.org/W2963073614","https://openalex.org/W2963112696","https://openalex.org/W2975393663","https://openalex.org/W2997378071","https://openalex.org/W2998154526","https://openalex.org/W3034431451","https://openalex.org/W3035426499","https://openalex.org/W3035512475","https://openalex.org/W3109174731","https://openalex.org/W3112375996","https://openalex.org/W3136675246","https://openalex.org/W3151130473","https://openalex.org/W3157416431","https://openalex.org/W3159937784","https://openalex.org/W3175515048","https://openalex.org/W3202215329","https://openalex.org/W3208354318","https://openalex.org/W4214561053","https://openalex.org/W4225554547","https://openalex.org/W4304084084","https://openalex.org/W4312862560","https://openalex.org/W4312948884","https://openalex.org/W4312950730","https://openalex.org/W4366966982","https://openalex.org/W4379659756","https://openalex.org/W4382318331","https://openalex.org/W4383220186","https://openalex.org/W4385245566","https://openalex.org/W4385299582","https://openalex.org/W4385486286","https://openalex.org/W4385801058","https://openalex.org/W4386075856","https://openalex.org/W4386824701","https://openalex.org/W4387042879","https://openalex.org/W4387968016","https://openalex.org/W4388624346","https://openalex.org/W4392825591","https://openalex.org/W4402716279","https://openalex.org/W6631190155","https://openalex.org/W6755977528","https://openalex.org/W6856347015"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2788731446","https://openalex.org/W2204403038","https://openalex.org/W3152170969","https://openalex.org/W2379054866","https://openalex.org/W2370195708","https://openalex.org/W1490651872","https://openalex.org/W2139242969","https://openalex.org/W2284201331","https://openalex.org/W2095903272","https://openalex.org/W1989561795"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"By":[0],"now,":[1],"many":[2],"works":[3,37,45],"have":[4,55],"been":[5,56],"done":[6],"on":[7,39,220],"shadow":[8,17,40,73,112,212,221],"removal":[9,18,41,74,222],"for":[10,72],"image":[11,29,50],"manipulation.":[12,30],"As":[13],"a":[14,21,35,63,81,87,122,133,155,163,215],"result,":[15],"detecting":[16],"has":[19],"become":[20],"critical":[22],"part":[23],"to":[24,128,140,170,194,209],"reveal":[25],"the":[26,49,53,94,98,102,107,110,119,160,172,179,184,188,196,202,211,225,230],"traces":[27],"of":[28,78,97,109,204,227,236],"However,":[31],"there":[32],"are":[33,152,207],"only":[34],"few":[36],"conducted":[38],"detection,":[42],"and":[43,86,175],"these":[44,149],"cannot":[46],"accurately":[47],"localize":[48],"regions":[51],"where":[52],"shadows":[54],"removed.":[57],"In":[58,118,159],"this":[59],"paper,":[60],"we":[61],"present":[62],"novel":[64],"model":[65],"called":[66],"Multi-level":[67],"Feature":[68],"Fusion":[69],"Network":[70],"(MFF-Net)":[71],"detection.":[75],"MFF-Net":[76,228,237],"consists":[77],"two":[79,150],"parts:":[80],"dual-branch":[82],"feature":[83,135,156,165,198],"extraction":[84,136],"encoder":[85,92,120,185],"dense":[88],"prediction":[89],"decoder.":[90],"The":[91,145,233],"anchors":[93],"approximate":[95],"position":[96],"manipulated":[99],"regions,":[100],"while":[101,132],"decoder":[103,161],"progressively":[104],"fills":[105],"in":[106,214],"details":[108],"estimated":[111],"masks":[113,213],"by":[114,148],"integrating":[115],"multi-level":[116,197],"information.":[117,144],"part,":[121,162],"global":[123],"modeling":[124],"branch":[125,137],"is":[126,138,168,192,238],"constructed":[127],"capture":[129],"long-range":[130],"dependencies,":[131],"local":[134,142],"designed":[139],"extract":[141],"structural":[143],"features":[146,174,181,203],"extracted":[147],"branches":[151],"integrated":[153],"using":[154],"fusion":[157,199],"module.":[158],"multi-scale":[164],"upsampling":[166],"module":[167],"proposed":[169],"upsample":[171],"input":[173],"integrate":[176],"them":[177],"with":[178],"low-level":[180],"obtained":[182],"from":[183],"part.":[186],"Meanwhile,":[187],"cross":[189],"attention":[190],"mechanism":[191],"introduced":[193],"guide":[195],"process.":[200],"Finally,":[201],"different":[205],"resolutions":[206],"employed":[208],"estimate":[210],"coarse-to-fine":[216],"manner.":[217],"Extensive":[218],"experiments":[219],"detection":[223],"demonstrate":[224],"superiority":[226],"over":[229],"state-of-the-art":[231],"methods.":[232],"source":[234],"code":[235],"publicly":[239],"available":[240],"at":[241],"<uri":[242],"xmlns:mml=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\"":[243],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">https://github.com/HITFuxiwen/MFF-Net</uri>.":[244]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2025-12-23T23:11:35.936235","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}