{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4404788000","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcsvt.2024.3507375","title":"Affine Motion Estimation Hardware Implementation With 51.7%/67.5% Internal Bandwidth Reduction for Versatile Video Coding","display_name":"Affine Motion Estimation Hardware Implementation With 51.7%/67.5% Internal Bandwidth Reduction for Versatile Video Coding","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-11-27","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4404788000","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcsvt.2024.3507375"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tcsvt.2024.3507375","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcsvt.2024.3507375","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S115173108","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems for Video Technology","issn_l":"1051-8215","issn":["1051-8215","1558-2205"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems for Video Technology","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5103124960","display_name":"Shushi Chen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0000-2992-1629"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I24943067","display_name":"Fudan University","ror":"https://ror.org/013q1eq08","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I24943067"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shushi Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["State Key Laboratory of Integrated Chips and Systems, Fudan University, Shanghai, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0000-2992-1629","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Integrated Chips and Systems, Fudan University, Shanghai, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I24943067"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5012401090","display_name":"Leilei Huang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8900-4109"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I66867065","display_name":"East China Normal University","ror":"https://ror.org/02n96ep67","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I66867065"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Leilei Huang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Microelectronic Circuits and Systems, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China","East China Normal University, Shanghai, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8900-4109","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Microelectronic Circuits and Systems, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I66867065"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"East China Normal University, Shanghai, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I66867065"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5054768333","display_name":"Zhao Zan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0647-8366"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I24943067","display_name":"Fudan University","ror":"https://ror.org/013q1eq08","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I24943067"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhao Zan","raw_affiliation_strings":["State Key Laboratory of Integrated Chips and Systems, Fudan University, Shanghai, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0647-8366","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Integrated Chips and Systems, Fudan University, Shanghai, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I24943067"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5044357493","display_name":"Zhijian Hao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7892-5973"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I149594827","display_name":"Xidian University","ror":"https://ror.org/05s92vm98","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhijian Hao","raw_affiliation_strings":["State Key Discipline Laboratory of Wide Band-Gap Semiconductor Technology, School of Microelectronics, Xidian University, Xi’an, China","Xidian University, Xi’an, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7892-5973","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Discipline Laboratory of Wide Band-Gap Semiconductor Technology, School of Microelectronics, Xidian University, Xi’an, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Xidian University, Xi’an, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Hao Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0006-4378-9365"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I24943067","display_name":"Fudan University","ror":"https://ror.org/013q1eq08","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I24943067"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hao Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["State Key Laboratory of Integrated Chips and Systems, Fudan University, Shanghai, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0006-4378-9365","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Integrated Chips and Systems, Fudan University, Shanghai, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I24943067"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5023108164","display_name":"Xiaoxiang Chen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3171-9945"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I24943067","display_name":"Fudan University","ror":"https://ror.org/013q1eq08","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I24943067"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xiaoxiang Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["State Key Laboratory of Integrated Chips and Systems, Fudan University, Shanghai, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Integrated Chips and Systems, Fudan University, Shanghai, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I24943067"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5073266325","display_name":"Minge Jing","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0005-0446-5600"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I24943067","display_name":"Fudan University","ror":"https://ror.org/013q1eq08","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I24943067"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Minge Jing","raw_affiliation_strings":["State Key Laboratory of Integrated Chips and Systems, Fudan University, Shanghai, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Integrated Chips and Systems, Fudan University, Shanghai, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I24943067"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100656792","display_name":"Xiaoyang Zeng","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3986-137X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I24943067","display_name":"Fudan University","ror":"https://ror.org/013q1eq08","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I24943067"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xiaoyang Zeng","raw_affiliation_strings":["State Key Laboratory of Integrated Chips and Systems, Fudan University, Shanghai, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3986-137X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Integrated Chips and Systems, Fudan University, Shanghai, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I24943067"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5085004179","display_name":"Yibo Fan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2523-8261"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I24943067","display_name":"Fudan University","ror":"https://ror.org/013q1eq08","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I24943067"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yibo Fan","raw_affiliation_strings":["State Key Laboratory of Integrated Chips and Systems, Fudan University, Shanghai, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2523-8261","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Integrated Chips and Systems, Fudan University, Shanghai, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I24943067"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.0632,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":5,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.76665643,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"35","issue":"4","first_page":"3837","last_page":"3852"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10741","display_name":"Video Coding and Compression Technologies","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10741","display_name":"Video Coding and Compression Technologies","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11992","display_name":"CCD and CMOS Imaging Sensors","score":0.9969000220298767,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10531","display_name":"Advanced Vision and Imaging","score":0.9962000250816345,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7463804483413696},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/motion-estimation","display_name":"Motion estimation","score":0.6679005026817322},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/coding","display_name":"Coding (social sciences)","score":0.5372687578201294},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bandwidth","display_name":"Bandwidth (computing)","score":0.4610542356967926},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-hardware","display_name":"Computer hardware","score":0.4401785433292389},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/affine-transformation","display_name":"Affine transformation","score":0.4285542666912079},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/coding-tree-unit","display_name":"Coding tree unit","score":0.41930100321769714},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.39488691091537476},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.3431417942047119},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/decoding-methods","display_name":"Decoding methods","score":0.2632380425930023},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.22985869646072388},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.16075369715690613},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.13449165225028992}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7463804483413696},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C10161872","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q557891","display_name":"Motion estimation","level":2,"score":0.6679005026817322},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C179518139","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5140297","display_name":"Coding (social sciences)","level":2,"score":0.5372687578201294},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776257435","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1576430","display_name":"Bandwidth (computing)","level":2,"score":0.4610542356967926},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9390403","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3966","display_name":"Computer hardware","level":1,"score":0.4401785433292389},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C92757383","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q382497","display_name":"Affine transformation","level":2,"score":0.4285542666912079},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C190750250","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q13533439","display_name":"Coding tree unit","level":3,"score":0.41930100321769714},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.39488691091537476},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.3431417942047119},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C57273362","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q576722","display_name":"Decoding methods","level":2,"score":0.2632380425930023},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.22985869646072388},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.16075369715690613},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.13449165225028992},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C202444582","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q837863","display_name":"Pure mathematics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tcsvt.2024.3507375","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcsvt.2024.3507375","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S115173108","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems for Video Technology","issn_l":"1051-8215","issn":["1051-8215","1558-2205"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems for Video Technology","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6391884445","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62031009","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6894694444","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2024M762536","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":42,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1524384108","https://openalex.org/W1597577053","https://openalex.org/W1976935468","https://openalex.org/W1980598689","https://openalex.org/W2009379438","https://openalex.org/W2010472040","https://openalex.org/W2019502172","https://openalex.org/W2023262818","https://openalex.org/W2035864993","https://openalex.org/W2077040279","https://openalex.org/W2149397437","https://openalex.org/W2505609860","https://openalex.org/W2513767991","https://openalex.org/W2590077255","https://openalex.org/W2613454533","https://openalex.org/W2613760268","https://openalex.org/W2742226725","https://openalex.org/W2776537808","https://openalex.org/W2794610885","https://openalex.org/W2897872264","https://openalex.org/W2910565488","https://openalex.org/W2923172504","https://openalex.org/W2987510390","https://openalex.org/W2992612461","https://openalex.org/W3016802488","https://openalex.org/W3041140241","https://openalex.org/W3153323090","https://openalex.org/W3168354393","https://openalex.org/W4312258136","https://openalex.org/W4312331335","https://openalex.org/W4312597082","https://openalex.org/W4367663058","https://openalex.org/W4384947620","https://openalex.org/W4385290326","https://openalex.org/W4385708763","https://openalex.org/W4386486837","https://openalex.org/W4386590541","https://openalex.org/W4387123490","https://openalex.org/W4387968728","https://openalex.org/W4389196079","https://openalex.org/W4399665710","https://openalex.org/W6858284708"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2735437354","https://openalex.org/W2908833932","https://openalex.org/W2147390775","https://openalex.org/W2022760311","https://openalex.org/W4254232196","https://openalex.org/W1579233721","https://openalex.org/W2271827173","https://openalex.org/W2018760684","https://openalex.org/W2242376282","https://openalex.org/W2322233343"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Versatile":[0],"Video":[1],"Coding":[2],"(VVC)":[3],"employs":[4],"Affine":[5,20],"Motion":[6,21],"Compensation":[7],"(AMC)":[8],"to":[9,39,83,96,120],"process":[10,24,48,145],"scenes":[11],"with":[12,141,188],"high-order":[13],"motion.":[14],"To":[15],"improve":[16],"AMC":[17],"efficiency,":[18],"the":[19,27,40,46,72,76,85,98,102,122,137,142,153,163,189,193,214],"Estimation":[22],"(AME)":[23],"based":[25],"on":[26],"gradient-based":[28],"iterative":[29],"algorithm":[30,35,69,155],"(GIA)":[31],"and":[32,52,70,104,114,132,202,213],"block":[33],"match":[34],"(BMA)":[36],"is":[37,49,81,94,171,218],"introduced":[38],"VVC":[41],"Test":[42],"Model":[43],"(VTM).":[44],"However,":[45],"AME":[47,68,138,144,157,176,181],"highly":[50],"complex":[51],"difficult":[53],"for":[54],"hardware":[55],"implementation":[56],"in":[57,184],"real-time":[58],"applications.":[59],"In":[60,107],"this":[61,63],"context,":[62],"paper":[64],"proposes":[65],"a":[66,109,197,203],"hardware-friendly":[67],"implements":[71],"corresponding":[73,164,215],"accelerator.":[74,139],"Firstly,":[75],"weighted":[77],"least":[78],"squares":[79],"regression":[80],"used":[82],"reduce":[84],"iteration":[86],"of":[87,124,136,146,200,206],"GIA.":[88],"Then":[89],"an":[90],"iteration-free":[91],"search":[92,99,182],"scheme":[93],"proposed":[95,119,154,175,194],"remove":[97],"dependence":[100],"during":[101],"GIA":[103],"BMA":[105],"process.":[106],"addition,":[108],"motion":[110],"vector":[111],"clamping":[112],"mechanism":[113],"four-level":[115],"memory":[116],"organization":[117],"are":[118],"solve":[121],"problem":[123],"reference":[125],"pixel":[126],"reading":[127],"conflict,":[128],"which":[129],"reduces":[130,156],"51.7%":[131],"67.5%":[133],"internal":[134],"bandwidth":[135],"Compared":[140],"default":[143],"VTM":[147],"16.0,":[148],"experimental":[149],"results":[150],"show":[151],"that":[152],"run":[158],"time":[159],"by":[160],"81.63%":[161],"while":[162],"Bjontegaard":[165],"Delta":[166],"Bit":[167],"Rate":[168],"(BDBR)":[169],"loss":[170,217],"only":[172],"0.492%.":[173],"The":[174],"accelerator":[177],"can":[178,210],"flexibly":[179],"support":[180],"tasks":[183],"various":[185],"configurations.":[186],"Synthesized":[187],"TSMC":[190],"28nm":[191],"process,":[192],"architecture":[195],"has":[196],"gate":[198],"count":[199],"1313K":[201],"power":[204],"consumption":[205],"156.83":[207],"mW.":[208],"It":[209],"achieve$7680\\times":[211],"4320$@1.7fps~30fps":[212],"BDBR":[216],"0.492%~1.835%.":[219]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":4}],"updated_date":"2026-07-29T09:40:50.615796","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}