{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4323891935","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcsvt.2023.3255243","title":"SARGAN: Spatial Attention-Based Residuals for Facial Expression Manipulation","display_name":"SARGAN: Spatial Attention-Based Residuals for Facial Expression Manipulation","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-03-10","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4323891935","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcsvt.2023.3255243"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tcsvt.2023.3255243","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcsvt.2023.3255243","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S115173108","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems for Video Technology","issn_l":"1051-8215","issn":["1051-8215","1558-2205"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems for Video Technology","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["arxiv","crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2303.17212","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5040243839","display_name":"Arbish Akram","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2661-4855"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I172780181","display_name":"University of the Punjab","ror":"https://ror.org/011maz450","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I172780181"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Arbish Akram","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I172780181"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5073259473","display_name":"Nazar Khan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9470-2120"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I172780181","display_name":"University of the Punjab","ror":"https://ror.org/011maz450","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I172780181"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Nazar Khan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I172780181"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5040243839"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I172780181"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.8219,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":15,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.8713315,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":97,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"33","issue":"10","first_page":"5433","last_page":"5443"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10775","display_name":"Generative Adversarial Networks and Image Synthesis","score":0.9991999864578247,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10775","display_name":"Generative Adversarial Networks and Image Synthesis","score":0.9991999864578247,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11448","display_name":"Face recognition and analysis","score":0.9983999729156494,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11105","display_name":"Advanced Image Processing Techniques","score":0.9972000122070312,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7737247943878174},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.7041402459144592},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/residual","display_name":"Residual","score":0.6221688389778137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/generator","display_name":"Generator (circuit theory)","score":0.6156555414199829},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.5638510584831238},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/facial-expression","display_name":"Facial expression","score":0.5584506988525391},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/expression","display_name":"Expression (computer science)","score":0.5104790925979614},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/encoder","display_name":"Encoder","score":0.5060586333274841},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/face","display_name":"Face (sociological concept)","score":0.5052972435951233},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.4911307990550995},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/block","display_name":"Block (permutation group theory)","score":0.47432252764701843},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/speech-recognition","display_name":"Speech recognition","score":0.3458900451660156},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.13403862714767456},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.12976908683776855}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7737247943878174},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.7041402459144592},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C155512373","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q287450","display_name":"Residual","level":2,"score":0.6221688389778137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780992000","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17016113","display_name":"Generator (circuit theory)","level":3,"score":0.6156555414199829},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.5638510584831238},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C195704467","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q327968","display_name":"Facial expression","level":2,"score":0.5584506988525391},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C90559484","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q778379","display_name":"Expression (computer science)","level":2,"score":0.5104790925979614},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118505674","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42586063","display_name":"Encoder","level":2,"score":0.5060586333274841},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779304628","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3503480","display_name":"Face (sociological concept)","level":2,"score":0.5052972435951233},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.4911307990550995},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777210771","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4927124","display_name":"Block (permutation group theory)","level":2,"score":0.47432252764701843},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28490314","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189436","display_name":"Speech recognition","level":1,"score":0.3458900451660156},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.13403862714767456},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.12976908683776855},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36289849","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q34749","display_name":"Social science","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163258240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25342","display_name":"Power (physics)","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tcsvt.2023.3255243","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcsvt.2023.3255243","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S115173108","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems for Video Technology","issn_l":"1051-8215","issn":["1051-8215","1558-2205"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems for Video Technology","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2303.17212","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/2303.17212","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2303.17212","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2303.17212","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/2303.17212","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2303.17212","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/11","score":0.7200000286102295,"display_name":"Sustainable cities and communities"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4323891935.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4323891935.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":67,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1834627138","https://openalex.org/W1980331490","https://openalex.org/W2125389028","https://openalex.org/W2150283722","https://openalex.org/W2194775991","https://openalex.org/W2202109488","https://openalex.org/W2307770531","https://openalex.org/W2550553598","https://openalex.org/W2552611751","https://openalex.org/W2565639579","https://openalex.org/W2579578355","https://openalex.org/W2752782242","https://openalex.org/W2754447548","https://openalex.org/W2807126412","https://openalex.org/W2866634454","https://openalex.org/W2893749619","https://openalex.org/W2900429424","https://openalex.org/W2939645724","https://openalex.org/W2949662773","https://openalex.org/W2950689937","https://openalex.org/W2962793481","https://openalex.org/W2963017889","https://openalex.org/W2963073614","https://openalex.org/W2963270367","https://openalex.org/W2963516695","https://openalex.org/W2963626105","https://openalex.org/W2963676087","https://openalex.org/W2963767194","https://openalex.org/W2963917315","https://openalex.org/W2964024144","https://openalex.org/W2964295764","https://openalex.org/W2969222682","https://openalex.org/W2984265954","https://openalex.org/W2986510250","https://openalex.org/W2991302305","https://openalex.org/W2994970036","https://openalex.org/W3007646528","https://openalex.org/W3015629990","https://openalex.org/W3035575271","https://openalex.org/W3035592938","https://openalex.org/W3043547428","https://openalex.org/W3082772348","https://openalex.org/W3097167612","https://openalex.org/W3104792420","https://openalex.org/W3106338346","https://openalex.org/W3108455890","https://openalex.org/W3108525755","https://openalex.org/W3109016549","https://openalex.org/W3111002277","https://openalex.org/W3126991911","https://openalex.org/W3155375169","https://openalex.org/W3160727358","https://openalex.org/W3174868683","https://openalex.org/W3176663332","https://openalex.org/W3176792267","https://openalex.org/W3194230325","https://openalex.org/W3208549483","https://openalex.org/W4294643831","https://openalex.org/W4295521014","https://openalex.org/W6678815747","https://openalex.org/W6687506355","https://openalex.org/W6729939709","https://openalex.org/W6734074887","https://openalex.org/W6735913928","https://openalex.org/W6745560452","https://openalex.org/W6755312952","https://openalex.org/W6765779288"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2949601986","https://openalex.org/W4390516098","https://openalex.org/W2788972299","https://openalex.org/W2498789492","https://openalex.org/W2521347458","https://openalex.org/W2181948922","https://openalex.org/W2384362569","https://openalex.org/W2729981612","https://openalex.org/W4233449973","https://openalex.org/W2642127892"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Encoder-decoder":[0],"based":[1],"architecture":[2,23],"has":[3],"been":[4],"widely":[5],"used":[6],"in":[7],"the":[8,21,27,57,78,86,109,118,124,130,136,140,143],"generator":[9,119],"of":[10,71,120,142],"generative":[11],"adversarial":[12],"networks":[13],"for":[14,170],"facial":[15,32,99,187],"manipulation.":[16],"However,":[17],"we":[18,48,64,91,105],"observe":[19],"that":[20,55,152],"current":[22],"fails":[24],"to":[25,75,81,97,107,122],"recover":[26],"input":[28,125,137],"image":[29,127,138],"color,":[30],"rich":[31],"details":[33],"such":[34],"as":[35,43],"skin":[36],"color":[37],"or":[38],"texture":[39],"and":[40,147,201],"introduces":[41],"artifacts":[42],"well.":[44],"In":[45,162,179],"this":[46],"paper,":[47],"present":[49],"a":[50,93,113],"novel":[51],"method":[52],"named":[53],"SARGAN":[54,181],"addresses":[56],"above-mentioned":[58],"limitations":[59],"from":[60],"three":[61],"perspectives.":[62],"First,":[63],"employed":[65],"spatial":[66],"attention-based":[67],"residual":[68,73,114],"block":[69],"instead":[70],"vanilla":[72],"blocks":[74],"properly":[76],"capture":[77],"expression-related":[79],"features":[80,88,100],"be":[82,183],"changed":[83],"while":[84],"keeping":[85],"other":[87],"unchanged.":[89],"Second,":[90],"exploited":[92],"symmetric":[94],"encoder-decoder":[95],"network":[96,111],"attend":[98],"at":[101],"multiple":[102],"scales.":[103],"Third,":[104],"proposed":[106,154],"train":[108],"complete":[110],"with":[112],"connection":[115],"which":[116,190],"relieves":[117],"pressure":[121],"generate":[123],"face":[126],"thereby":[128],"producing":[129],"desired":[131],"expression":[132],"by":[133],"directly":[134],"feeding":[135],"towards":[139],"end":[141],"generator.":[144],"Both":[145],"qualitative":[146],"quantitative":[148],"experimental":[149],"results":[150],"show":[151],"our":[153],"model":[155],"performs":[156],"significantly":[157],"better":[158],"than":[159],"state-of-the-art":[160],"methods.":[161],"addition,":[163],"existing":[164],"models":[165],"require":[166],"much":[167],"larger":[168],"datasets":[169],"training":[171],"but":[172],"their":[173],"performance":[174],"degrades":[175],"on":[176,185,193],"out-of-distribution":[177,194],"images.":[178],"contrast":[180],"can":[182],"trained":[184],"smaller":[186],"expressions":[188],"datasets,":[189],"generalizes":[191],"well":[192],"images":[195],"including":[196],"human":[197],"photographs,":[198],"portraits,":[199],"avatars":[200],"statues.":[202]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":4}],"updated_date":"2026-03-20T23:20:44.827607","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}