{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3165352316","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcsvt.2021.3082635","title":"DBCFace: Towards Pure Convolutional Neural Network Face Detection","display_name":"DBCFace: Towards Pure Convolutional Neural Network Face Detection","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-05-21","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3165352316","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcsvt.2021.3082635","mag":"3165352316"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tcsvt.2021.3082635","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcsvt.2021.3082635","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S115173108","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems for Video Technology","issn_l":"1051-8215","issn":["1051-8215","1558-2205"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems for Video Technology","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100354064","display_name":"Xin Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3744-4206"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I87445476","display_name":"Xi'an Jiaotong University","ror":"https://ror.org/017zhmm22","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I87445476"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Xin Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Electronics and Information Engineering, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China","an, China","an Jiaotong University, Xi&#x2019"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3744-4206","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Electronics and Information Engineering, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I87445476"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"an, China","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"an Jiaotong University, Xi&#x2019","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I87445476"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101685414","display_name":"Shenqi Lai","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8673-2218"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I87445476","display_name":"Xi'an Jiaotong University","ror":"https://ror.org/017zhmm22","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I87445476"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shenqi Lai","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Electronics and Information Engineering, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China","Meituan Dianping, Beijing, China","an, China","an Jiaotong University, Xi&#x2019"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Electronics and Information Engineering, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I87445476"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Meituan Dianping, Beijing, China","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"an, China","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"an Jiaotong University, Xi&#x2019","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I87445476"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5014825654","display_name":"Xueming Qian","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3173-6307"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I87445476","display_name":"Xi'an Jiaotong University","ror":"https://ror.org/017zhmm22","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I87445476"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xueming Qian","raw_affiliation_strings":["Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Intelligent Networks and Network Security, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China","an, China","SMILES Laboratory, Xi&#x2019","an Jiaotong University, Xi&#x2019"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3173-6307","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Intelligent Networks and Network Security, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I87445476"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"an, China","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"SMILES Laboratory, Xi&#x2019","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"an Jiaotong University, Xi&#x2019","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I87445476"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5100354064"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I87445476"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":6.6992,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":77,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.97715264,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"32","issue":"4","first_page":"1792","last_page":"1804"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11448","display_name":"Face recognition and analysis","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11448","display_name":"Face recognition and analysis","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10057","display_name":"Face and Expression Recognition","score":0.9984999895095825,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10828","display_name":"Biometric Identification and Security","score":0.9975000023841858,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8405405282974243},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/convolutional-neural-network","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","score":0.8195071220397949},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pascal","display_name":"Pascal (unit)","score":0.7721209526062012},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/face-detection","display_name":"Face detection","score":0.723740816116333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bottleneck","display_name":"Bottleneck","score":0.6668767333030701},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/detector","display_name":"Detector","score":0.6279964447021484},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/face","display_name":"Face (sociological concept)","score":0.6133229732513428},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.5719363689422607},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.42181649804115295},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.3606959581375122},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/facial-recognition-system","display_name":"Facial recognition system","score":0.29569029808044434},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/embedded-system","display_name":"Embedded system","score":0.16323649883270264},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.09363386034965515}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8405405282974243},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81363708","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17084460","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","level":2,"score":0.8195071220397949},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C75608658","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q44395","display_name":"Pascal (unit)","level":2,"score":0.7721209526062012},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C4641261","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11681085","display_name":"Face detection","level":4,"score":0.723740816116333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780513914","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18210350","display_name":"Bottleneck","level":2,"score":0.6668767333030701},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94915269","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1834857","display_name":"Detector","level":2,"score":0.6279964447021484},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779304628","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3503480","display_name":"Face (sociological concept)","level":2,"score":0.6133229732513428},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5719363689422607},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.42181649804115295},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.3606959581375122},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31510193","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1192553","display_name":"Facial recognition system","level":3,"score":0.29569029808044434},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149635348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193040","display_name":"Embedded system","level":1,"score":0.16323649883270264},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.09363386034965515},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36289849","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q34749","display_name":"Social science","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tcsvt.2021.3082635","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcsvt.2021.3082635","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S115173108","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems for Video Technology","issn_l":"1051-8215","issn":["1051-8215","1558-2205"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems for Video Technology","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3308505718","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"61732008","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7987947441","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"61772407","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":59,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W182571476","https://openalex.org/W639708223","https://openalex.org/W1988286777","https://openalex.org/W2015268479","https://openalex.org/W2034025266","https://openalex.org/W2047508432","https://openalex.org/W2108598243","https://openalex.org/W2129987527","https://openalex.org/W2168356304","https://openalex.org/W2194775991","https://openalex.org/W2504335775","https://openalex.org/W2565639579","https://openalex.org/W2570343428","https://openalex.org/W2622263826","https://openalex.org/W2769176102","https://openalex.org/W2769576731","https://openalex.org/W2888286956","https://openalex.org/W2890467356","https://openalex.org/W2902726851","https://openalex.org/W2916199694","https://openalex.org/W2934198733","https://openalex.org/W2962898354","https://openalex.org/W2963011882","https://openalex.org/W2963299996","https://openalex.org/W2963307811","https://openalex.org/W2963351448","https://openalex.org/W2963566548","https://openalex.org/W2963572007","https://openalex.org/W2963856926","https://openalex.org/W2963927307","https://openalex.org/W2964325361","https://openalex.org/W2964347837","https://openalex.org/W2978969444","https://openalex.org/W2982770724","https://openalex.org/W2989604896","https://openalex.org/W2990315525","https://openalex.org/W2991292755","https://openalex.org/W2994729841","https://openalex.org/W2997747012","https://openalex.org/W3000996870","https://openalex.org/W3006322985","https://openalex.org/W3012573144","https://openalex.org/W3033326602","https://openalex.org/W3034552680","https://openalex.org/W3035704838","https://openalex.org/W3045913686","https://openalex.org/W3092466816","https://openalex.org/W3098090606","https://openalex.org/W3102701618","https://openalex.org/W3106250896","https://openalex.org/W6607458078","https://openalex.org/W6620707391","https://openalex.org/W6662335928","https://openalex.org/W6679461745","https://openalex.org/W6739622702","https://openalex.org/W6743555153","https://openalex.org/W6746054350","https://openalex.org/W6760424586","https://openalex.org/W6785652829"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2595172197","https://openalex.org/W2084856301","https://openalex.org/W2127970246","https://openalex.org/W2885125400","https://openalex.org/W1989889224","https://openalex.org/W4382618745","https://openalex.org/W1973775000","https://openalex.org/W2748922771","https://openalex.org/W2493838176","https://openalex.org/W4297686120"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Face":[0],"detection":[1,64,80,92,114],"generally":[2],"requires":[3],"prior":[4],"boxes":[5],"and":[6,20,57,104,121],"an":[7],"extra":[8,101],"non-maximum":[9],"suppression(NMS)":[10],"post-processing":[11],"in":[12],"modern":[13],"deep":[14],"learning":[15],"methods.":[16],"However,":[17],"anchor":[18,21,41,102],"design":[19,103],"matching":[22],"strategy":[23],"significantly":[24],"affect":[25],"the":[26,134],"performance":[27],"of":[28,38,63],"face":[29,79,85,91,113],"detectors,":[30],"so":[31],"we":[32,69],"have":[33],"to":[34],"spend":[35],"a":[36,61,71,94],"lot":[37],"time":[39],"on":[40,110],"designing":[42],"for":[43,87],"different":[44],"business":[45],"scenarios.":[46],"The":[47],"other":[48],"issue":[49],"is":[50,128,136],"that":[51,125],"NMS":[52],"cannot":[53],"be":[54],"easily":[55],"parallelized":[56],"it":[58],"may":[59],"become":[60],"bottleneck":[62],"speed.":[65],"In":[66],"this":[67],"paper,":[68],"propose":[70],"simple":[72],"yet":[73],"efficient":[74],"pure":[75],"convolutional":[76,98],"neural":[77],"network":[78],"method,":[81],"named":[82],"dual-branch":[83],"center":[84],"detector(DBCFace":[86],"short),":[88],"which":[89],"solve":[90],"via":[93],"dual":[95],"branch":[96],"fully":[97],"framework":[99],"without":[100],"NMS.":[105],"Extensive":[106],"experiments":[107],"are":[108],"conducted":[109],"four":[111],"popular":[112],"benchmarks,":[115],"including":[116],"AFW,":[117],"PASCAL":[118],"face,":[119],"FDDB,":[120],"WIDER":[122],"FACE,":[123],"demonstrating":[124],"our":[126],"method":[127],"comparable":[129],"with":[130],"state-of-the-art":[131],"methods":[132],"while":[133],"speed":[135],"faster.":[137]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":17},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":23},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":22},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":7}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}